Dynamic structural equation modeling with floor effects.

Intensive longitudinal data analysis, commonly used in psychological studies, often concerns outcomes that have strong floor effects, that is, a large percentage at its lowest value. Ignoring a strong floor effect, using regular analysis with modeling assumptions suitable for a continuous-normal outcome, is likely to give misleading results. This article suggests that two-part modeling may provide a solution. It can avoid potential biasing effects due to ignoring the floor effect. It can also provide a more detailed description of the relationships between the outcome and covariates allowing different covariate effects for being at the floor or not and the value above the floor. A smoking cessation example is analyzed to demonstrate available analysis techniques. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).