Agdzhoyan Anastasia, Ponomarev Georgy, Pylev Vladimir, Autleva Kagazezheva Zhaneta, Gorin Igor, Evsyukov Igor, Pocheshkhova Elvira, Koshel Sergey, Kuleshov Viacheslav, Adamov Dmitry, Kuznetsova Natalia
Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522 Moscow, Russia.
Biobank of Northern Eurasia, 115201 Moscow, Russia.
Genes (Basel). 2024 Dec 17;15(12):1610. doi: 10.3390/genes15121610.
Eastern Finnic populations, including Karelians, Veps, Votes, Ingrians, and Ingrian Finns, are a significant component of the history of Finnic populations, which have developed over ~3 kya. Yet, these groups remain understudied from a genetic point of view. In this work, we explore the gene pools of Karelians (Northern, Tver, Ludic, and Livvi), Veps, Ingrians, Votes, and Ingrian Finns using Y-chromosome markers (N = 357) and genome-wide autosomes (N = 67) and in comparison with selected Russians populations of the area (N = 763). The data are analyzed using statistical, bioinformatic, and cartographic methods. The autosomal gene pool of Eastern Finnic populations can be divided into two large categories based on the results of the PCA and ADMIXTURE modeling: (a) "Karelia": Veps, Northern, Ludic, Livvi, and Tver Karelians; (b) "Ingria": Ingrians, Votes, Ingrian Finns. The Y-chromosomal gene pool of Baltic Finns is more diverse and is composed of four genetic components. The "Northern" component prevails in Northern Karelians and Ingrian Finns, the "Karelian" in Livvi, Ludic, and Tver Karelians, the "Ingrian-Veps" in Ingrians and Veps (a heterogeneous cluster occupying an intermediate position between the "Northern" and the "Karelian" ones), and the "Southern" in Votes. Moreover, our phylogeographic analysis has found that the Y-haplogroup N3a4-Z1927 carriers are frequent among most Eastern Finnic populations, as well as among some Northern Russian and Central Russian populations. The autosomal clustering reflects the major areal groupings of the populations in question, while the Y-chromosomal gene pool correlates with the known history of these groups. The overlap of the four Y-chromosomal patterns may reflect the eastern part of the homeland of the Proto-Finnic gene pool. The carriers of the Y-haplogroup N3a4-Z1927, frequent in the sample, had a common ancestor at ~2.4 kya, but the active spread of N3a4-Z1927 happened only at ~1.7-2 kya, during the "golden" age of the Proto-Finnic culture (the archaeological period of the "typical" Tarand graves). A heterogeneous Y-chromosomal cluster containing Ingrians, Veps, and Northern Russian populations, should be further studied.
东芬兰人群体，包括卡累利阿人、维普斯人、沃特人、英格里亚人以及英格里亚芬兰人，是芬兰人群体历史的重要组成部分，这些群体在约3000年前就已形成。然而，从遗传学角度来看，这些群体仍未得到充分研究。在这项研究中，我们使用Y染色体标记（N = 357）和全基因组常染色体（N = 67）对卡累利阿人（北部、特维尔、卢迪克和利维）、维普斯人、英格里亚人、沃特人以及英格里亚芬兰人的基因库进行了探索，并与该地区选定的俄罗斯人群体（N = 763）进行了比较。使用统计、生物信息学和制图方法对数据进行了分析。根据主成分分析（PCA）和混合模型（ADMIXTURE）的结果，东芬兰人群体的常染色体基因库可分为两大类：（a）“卡累利阿”类：维普斯人、北部、卢迪克、利维以及特维尔卡累利阿人；（b）“英格里亚”类：英格里亚人、沃特人、英格里亚芬兰人。波罗的海芬兰人的Y染色体基因库更为多样，由四个遗传成分组成。“北部”成分在北部卡累利阿人和英格里亚芬兰人中占主导，“卡累利阿”成分在利维、卢迪克和特维尔卡累利阿人中占主导，“英格里亚 - 维普斯”成分在英格里亚人和维普斯人中占主导（这是一个异质聚类，处于“北部”和“卡累利阿”之间的中间位置），“南部”成分在沃特人中占主导。此外，我们的系统地理学分析发现，Y单倍群N3a4 - Z1927的携带者在大多数东芬兰人群体以及一些俄罗斯北部和中部人群中都很常见。常染色体聚类反映了相关人群的主要区域分组，而Y染色体基因库与这些群体的已知历史相关。四种Y染色体模式的重叠可能反映了原始芬兰基因库发源地的东部地区。样本中常见的Y单倍群N3a4 - Z1927的携带者在约2400年前有一个共同祖先，但N3a4 - Z1927的活跃传播仅发生在约1700 - 2000年前，即原始芬兰文化的“黄金”时代（“典型”塔兰德墓葬的考古时期）。一个包含英格里亚人、维普斯人和俄罗斯北部人群的异质Y染色体聚类应进一步研究。
