Rico-Méndez Manuel Alejandro, Ayala-Madrigal María de la Luz, González-Mercado Anahí, Gutiérrez-Angulo Melva, Ramírez de Arellano Sánchez Jorge Adrián, Beltrán-Ontiveros Saul Armando, Contreras-Haro Betsabe, Gutiérrez-Hurtado Itzae Adonai, Moreno-Ortiz José Miguel
Doctorado en Genética Humana, Instituto de Genética Humana "Dr. Enrique Corona Rivera", Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico.
Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47600, Jalisco, Mexico.
Biomedicines. 2024 Nov 28;12(12):2726. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12122726.
Bladder cancer (BC) is the most common neoplasm of the urinary system and ranks tenth in global cancer incidence. Due to its high recurrence rate and the need for continuous monitoring, it is the cancer with the highest cost per patient. Cystoscopy is the traditional method for its detection and surveillance; however, this is an invasive technique, while non-invasive methods, such as cytology, have a limited sensitivity. For this reason, new non-invasive strategies have emerged, analyzing useful markers for BC detection from urine samples. The identification of tumor markers is essential for early cancer detection and treatment. Urine analysis offers a non-invasive method to identify these markers. Microsatellite instability (MSI) has been proposed as a promising marker for tumor cell detection and guided targeted therapies. Therefore, this review aims to explore the evidence supporting the identification of MSI in exfoliated bladder tumor cells (EBTCs) in the urine, emphasizing its potential as a non-invasive and clinically effective alternative for tumor identification. Furthermore, establishing clinical guidelines is crucial for standardizing its application in oncological screening and validating its clinical utility.
膀胱癌（BC）是泌尿系统最常见的肿瘤，在全球癌症发病率中排名第十。由于其高复发率以及需要持续监测，它是每位患者成本最高的癌症。膀胱镜检查是其检测和监测的传统方法；然而，这是一种侵入性技术，而诸如细胞学等非侵入性方法的敏感性有限。因此，出现了新的非侵入性策略，即从尿液样本中分析用于膀胱癌检测的有用标志物。肿瘤标志物的识别对于癌症的早期检测和治疗至关重要。尿液分析提供了一种识别这些标志物的非侵入性方法。微卫星不稳定性（MSI）已被提议作为肿瘤细胞检测和指导靶向治疗的一种有前景的标志物。因此，本综述旨在探讨支持在尿液中脱落的膀胱肿瘤细胞（EBTCs）中识别MSI的证据，强调其作为肿瘤识别的非侵入性和临床有效替代方法的潜力。此外，建立临床指南对于规范其在肿瘤筛查中的应用并验证其临床效用至关重要。
