Komal Kumari, Ghosh Rashmi, Sil Debayan, Sharma Rohit, Kumar Sourabh, Pandey Prachi, Kumar Manish
Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
Inflammopharmacology. 2025 Feb;33(2):605-626. doi: 10.1007/s10787-024-01636-3. Epub 2025 Jan 7.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a type of neurodegenerative disease that describes cognitive decline and memory loss resulting in disability in movement, memory, speech etc. Which first affects the hippocampal and entorhinal cortex regions of brain. Pathogenesis of AD depends on Amyloid-β, hyper-phosphorylation of tau protein, mitochondrial dysfunction, cholinergic hypothesis and oxidative stress. In comparison with males, females are more prone to AD due to reduced estrogen level. Some of the FDA-approved drugs and their conventional formulations available in the market are discussed in this review. Nose-to-brain delivery system provides the target specific drug delivery via olfactory and trigeminal nerve (active and passive drug targeting strategies) and bypassing the Blood Brain Barrier. Mucoadhesive agents and permeation enhancers are mostly utilized to enhance the retention time and bioavailability of the drugs. Liposomes, niosomes, cubosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, micelles, and many more nanocarriers for nose-to-brain delivery of drugs are also described thoroughly in this review. It also covers the clinical trials and patents for nose-to-brain delivery. In this article, we investigate the nose-to-brain pathways for AD treatment strategies.
阿尔茨海默病（AD）是一种神经退行性疾病，其特征为认知能力下降和记忆力丧失，进而导致运动、记忆、言语等方面的功能障碍，该病首先影响大脑的海马体和内嗅皮质区域。AD的发病机制取决于β-淀粉样蛋白、tau蛋白的过度磷酸化、线粒体功能障碍、胆碱能假说以及氧化应激。与男性相比，女性由于雌激素水平降低而更容易患AD。本综述讨论了一些美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）批准的药物及其市场上现有的传统剂型。鼻脑给药系统通过嗅觉神经和三叉神经提供靶向特定药物递送（主动和被动药物靶向策略），并绕过血脑屏障。粘膜粘附剂和渗透促进剂大多用于延长药物的滞留时间并提高其生物利用度。本综述还详细描述了用于药物鼻脑递送的脂质体、非离子脂质体、立方液晶纳米粒、固体脂质纳米粒、纳米乳剂、胶束以及更多的纳米载体。它还涵盖了鼻脑给药的临床试验和专利。在本文中，我们研究了用于AD治疗策略的鼻脑途径。
