BACKGROUND

The morbidity and mortality associated with influenza viruses are a significant public health challenge. Annual vaccination against circulating influenza strains reduces hospitalisations and increases survival rates but requires a yearly redesign of vaccines against prevalent subtypes. The complex genetics of influenza viruses with high antigenic drift create an ongoing challenge in vaccine development to address dynamic influenza epidemiology. Understanding the evolution of influenza viruses and the vaccine's effectiveness against different types and subtypes is pivotal to designing public health measures against influenza.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 192 705 patients, collecting information on the incidence and severity of the disease. The results of this meta-analysis were further validated using data from 6 594 765 patients from TriNetX. We analysed the prevalence of the most common influenza A virus (IAV) subtypes (H1N1 and H3N2) and influenza B virus (IBV), as well as vaccination effectiveness against them in three age groups, given that age is associated with influenza disease severity.

RESULTS

Our analysis reflects that overall vaccination against H1N1 IAV and IBV is effective in reducing infection and influenza-related complications in children aged <5 years old, individuals between 5 and 65 years old and older adults aged >65 years old. By contrast, while vaccination against H3N2 IAV is effective in protecting against infection in infants <5 years old, it provides reduced protection against infection in older individuals.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite higher infection rates, vaccination against H3N2 remains as highly effective as vaccination against H1N1 and IBV in reducing influenza-related morbidity and mortality in all age groups. Detailing vaccine effectiveness in terms of infection protection and disease burden across different age groups is necessary for understanding vaccine impacts in terms of other outcomes, hospitalisations, mortality and disease severity; for improving vaccine formulations and public awareness; and for enhancing vaccination campaigns to improve coverage and public acceptance.