Imaging Bias-Driven Domain Wall Motion With Scanning Oscillator Piezoresponse Force Microscopy.

Understanding ferroelectric domain wall dynamics at the nanoscale across a broad range of timescales requires measuring domain wall position under different applied electric fields. The success of piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) as a tool to apply local electric fields at different positions and imaging their changing position, together with the information obtained from associated switching spectroscopies has fueled numerous studies of the dynamics of ferroelectric domains to determine the impact of intrinsic parameters such as crystalline order, defects and pinning centers, as well as boundary conditions such as environment. However, the investigation of sub-coercive reversible domain wall vibrational modes requires the development of new tools that enable visualizing domain wall motion under varying applied fields with high temporal and spatial resolution while also accounting for spurious electrostatic effects. Here, scanning oscillator piezoresponse force microscopy extends the investigation of domain wall dynamics to new regimes, providing direct visualization of domain wall position as a function of an external electric field that varies in time and location. This enables studying the energetics of field-driven ferroelectric domain wall motion, which is shown to obey a thermally activated flow regime in the millisecond timescale.