Tartaro Bujak Ivana, Klarić David, Lučić Bono, Bojanić Krunoslav, Bujak Maro, Galić Nives
Radiation Chemistry and Dosimetry Laboratory, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Molecules. 2024 Dec 27;30(1):64. doi: 10.3390/molecules30010064.
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), including ionizing radiation treatment, are increasingly recognized as an effective method for the degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Nabumetone (NAB), a widely used NSAID prodrug, poses an environmental risk due to its persistence in aquatic ecosystems and its potential toxicity to non-target organisms. In this study, the radiolytic degradation of NAB was investigated under different experimental conditions (dose rate, radical scavenging, pH, matrix effect), and the toxicity of its degradation products was evaluated. NAB was rapidly degraded at 300 Gy with prolonged irradiation. Mineralization of about 88% of NAB solutions was observed based on the evaluation of total organic carbon (TOC). The most efficient degradation of NAB occurred under NO conditions, while it was retarded in the presence of thiourea. The water matrix components had a significant influence on the efficiency of degradation. In addition, the main degradation products were identified by LC-HRMS. Toxicity studies on different bacteria showed no significant impact of the NAB degradation products, while in silico predictive methods revealed their slightly increased toxicity compared to the parent compound, but considerably lower toxicity in comparison to its main active form 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (MNA). Additionally, significantly lower toxicities are predicted for degradation products in NO saturated solution. These results underline the importance of optimizing irradiation parameters for effective degradation and minimizing the formation of harmful by-products. Understanding all aspects of the AOP processes and the toxicological effects of the degradation products ensures effective mitigation of potential environmental and health risks of water treatment processes.
包括电离辐射处理在内的高级氧化工艺（AOPs）日益被认为是一种降解包括非甾体抗炎药（NSAIDs）在内的药物污染物的有效方法。萘丁美酮（NAB）是一种广泛使用的非甾体抗炎药前体药物，因其在水生生态系统中的持久性及其对非目标生物的潜在毒性而构成环境风险。在本研究中，研究了不同实验条件（剂量率、自由基清除、pH值、基质效应）下NAB的辐射降解，并评估了其降解产物的毒性。在300 Gy下长时间辐照时，NAB迅速降解。基于总有机碳（TOC）的评估，观察到约88%的NAB溶液矿化。NAB在无氧条件下的降解效率最高，而在硫脲存在下其降解受到抑制。水基质成分对降解效率有显著影响。此外，通过液相色谱-高分辨质谱（LC-HRMS）鉴定了主要降解产物。对不同细菌的毒性研究表明，NAB降解产物没有显著影响，而计算机预测方法显示，与母体化合物相比，它们的毒性略有增加，但与主要活性形式6-甲氧基-2-萘乙酸（MNA）相比，毒性要低得多。此外，预测在无氧饱和溶液中的降解产物毒性显著更低。这些结果强调了优化辐照参数以实现有效降解并减少有害副产物形成的重要性。了解AOP工艺的各个方面以及降解产物的毒理学效应，可确保有效减轻水处理工艺潜在的环境和健康风险。
