Yao Li, Wang Hong, Liu Haitao, Wang Xie, Wu Yueying, Wang Lin, Chen Honglin, Lin Chaowen
Agricultural Resources and Environment Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China.
Plants (Basel). 2024 Dec 24;14(1):14. doi: 10.3390/plants14010014.
Ammonia (NH) volatilization caused by urea application has negative implications for human health, environmental quality, and the value of nitrogen fertilizers. It remains to be investigated how management strategies should be adopted to not only reduce NH volatilization but also improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in the agriculture industry at present. Hence, a two-year field trial, including subplots, was conducted to simultaneously evaluate the effects of mulching treatments (NM: non-mulching; SM: straw mulching) and different fertilizer treatments (U: urea; U + NBPT: urea plus 1% N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide; U + CRU: the mixture of urea and controlled-release urea at a 3:7 ratio; U + OF: urea plus commercial organic fertilizer at a 3:7 ratio) on NH volatilization, crop production, and NUE in an oilseed rape-maize rotation system in the sloping farmland of purple soil in southwestern China between 2021 and 2023. Compared with NM + U, NH volatilization losses under the NM + U + NBPT, NM + U + CRU, and NM + U + OF treatments decreased, on average, by 64.13%, 17.39%, and 15.09% during the oilseed rape growing season but by 64.01%, 11.67%, and 10.13% during the maize growing season, respectively. An average increase in NH volatilization of 35.65% for the straw-mulching treatment was recorded during the oilseed rape season, while during the maize season, this parameter showed an increase of 10.69%, in comparison to NM + U. With the combination of urea with NBPT, CRU, and organic fertilizer, contrastingly, a reduction in NH volatilization was achieved under the SM + U + NBPT, SM + U + CRU, and SM + U + OF treatments. When compared with NM + U, the difference in the NUE between the NM + U + NBPT, NM + U + CRU, and NM + U + OF treatments was not significant in the oilseed rape season. The NUE was around 4.27% higher under NM + U + NBPT during the maize season ( < 0.05). Compared with NM + U, under the NM + U + NBPT, NM + U + CRU, and NM + U + OF treatments, consistently lower values of yield-scaled NH volatilization were noted: 13.15-65.66% in the oilseed rape season and 10.34-67.27% in the maize season. Furthermore, SM + U, SM + U + NBPT, SM + U + CRU, and SM + U + OF showed average annual emission factors (AEFs) of 14.01%, 5.81%, 12.14%, and 11.64%, respectively. Overall, straw mulching, along with the application of the mixture of NBPT and urea, was found to be the optimal strategy to effectively reduce the NH emissions in the purple soil areas of southern China.
施用尿素导致的氨（NH₃）挥发对人类健康、环境质量以及氮肥价值都有负面影响。目前，农业产业中应如何采取管理策略，既能减少NH₃挥发又能提高氮肥利用效率（NUE），仍有待研究。因此，在2021年至2023年期间，在中国西南部紫色土坡耕地的油菜-玉米轮作系统中进行了一项为期两年的包括亚小区的田间试验，以同时评估覆盖处理（NM：不覆盖；SM：秸秆覆盖）和不同肥料处理（U：尿素；U + NBPT：尿素加1% N-（正丁基）硫代磷酸三酰胺；U + CRU：尿素与控释尿素按3:7比例混合；U + OF：尿素加商品有机肥按3:7比例混合）对NH₃挥发、作物产量和NUE的影响。与NM + U相比，在油菜生长季，NM + U + NBPT、NM + U + CRU和NM + U + OF处理下的NH₃挥发损失平均分别降低了64.13%、17.39%和15.09%；而在玉米生长季，分别降低了64.01%、11.67%和10.13%。与NM + U相比，秸秆覆盖处理在油菜季记录到NH₃挥发平均增加了35.65%，而在玉米季该参数增加了10.69%。相反，尿素与NBPT、CRU和有机肥混合后，在SM + U + NBPT、SM + U + CRU和SM + U + OF处理下实现了NH₃挥发的减少。与NM + U相比，在油菜季，NM + U + NBPT、NM + U + CRU和NM + U + OF处理之间的NUE差异不显著。在玉米季，NM + U + NBPT处理下的NUE高约4.27%（P < 0.05）。与NM + U相比，在NM + U + NBPT、NM + U + CRU和NM + U + OF处理下，产量加权NH₃挥发值始终较低：油菜季为13.15 - 65.66%，玉米季为10.34 - 67.27%。此外，SM + U、SM + U + NBPT、SM + U + CRU和SM + U + OF的年均排放因子（AEF）分别为14.01%、5.81%、12.14%和11.64%。总体而言，秸秆覆盖以及NBPT与尿素的混合施用被认为是有效减少中国南方紫色土地区NH₃排放的最佳策略。
