, a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium colonizing the intestinal mucus layer, is regarded as a promising "next-generation probiotic". There is mounting evidence that diabetes and its complications are associated with disorders of abundance. Thus, and its components, including the outer membrane protein Amuc_1100, -derived extracellular vesicles (AmEVs), and the secreted proteins P9 and Amuc_1409, are systematically summarized with respect to mechanisms of action in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes treatments that rely on altering changes in abundance are also reviewed, including the identification of active ingredients, and dietary and pharmacological interventions for abundance. The potential and challenges of using are also highlighted, and it is anticipated that this work will serve as a reference for more in-depth studies on and diabetes development, as well as the creation of new therapeutic targets by colleagues domestically and internationally.