Sánchez Sofía V, Otavalo Gabriela N, Gazeau Florence, Silva Amanda K A, Morales Javier O
Drug Delivery Laboratory, Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnología Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile; Center of New Drugs for Hypertension and Heart Failure (CENDHY), Santiago, Chile.
Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR8175, INSERM U1334, Laboratory NABI (Nanomédecine, Biologie Extracellulaire, Intégratome et Innovations en santé), Paris, France.
J Control Release. 2025 Mar 10;379:489-523. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.01.018. Epub 2025 Jan 18.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane vesicles secreted by all types of cells, including bacteria, animals, and plants. These vesicles contain proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids from their parent cells and can transfer these components between cells. EVs have attracted attention for their potential use in diagnosis and therapy due to their natural properties, such as low immunogenicity, high biocompatibility, and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. They can also be engineered to carry therapeutic molecules. EVs can be delivered via various routes. The intranasal route is particularly advantageous for delivering them to the central nervous system, making it a promising approach for treating neurological disorders.
This review delves into the promising potential of intranasally administered EVs-based therapies for various medical conditions, with a particular focus on those affecting the brain and central nervous system. Additionally, the potential use of these therapies for pulmonary conditions, cancer, and allergies is examined, offering a hopeful outlook for the future of medical treatments.
The intranasal administration of EVs offers significant advantages over other delivery methods. By directly delivering EVs to the brain, specifically targeting areas that have been injured, this administration proves to be highly efficient and effective, providing reassurance about the progress in medical treatments. Intranasal delivery is not limited to brain-related conditions. It can also benefit other organs like the lungs and stimulate a mucosal immune response against various pathogens due to the highly vascularized nature of the nasal cavity and airways. Moreover, it has the added benefit of minimizing toxicity to non-targeted organs and allows the EVs to remain longer in the body. As a result, there is a growing emphasis on conducting clinical trials for intranasal administration of EVs, particularly in treating respiratory tract pathologies such as coronavirus disease.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）是由包括细菌、动物和植物在内的所有类型细胞分泌的膜性囊泡。这些囊泡包含来自其母细胞的蛋白质、核酸和脂质，并能在细胞间传递这些成分。由于其天然特性，如低免疫原性、高生物相容性以及穿越血脑屏障的能力，EVs在诊断和治疗中的潜在应用引起了关注。它们还可以被设计用来携带治疗性分子。EVs可以通过多种途径递送。鼻内途径在将它们递送至中枢神经系统方面特别有利，使其成为治疗神经系统疾病的一种有前景的方法。
本综述深入探讨了基于鼻内给药的EVs疗法在各种医疗状况下的潜在前景，尤其关注那些影响大脑和中枢神经系统的状况。此外，还研究了这些疗法在肺部疾病、癌症和过敏方面的潜在应用，为医学治疗的未来提供了充满希望的前景。
与其他递送方法相比，鼻内给药EVs具有显著优势。通过将EVs直接递送至大脑，特别是靶向受损区域，这种给药方式被证明是高效且有效的，为医学治疗的进展提供了保障。鼻内递送不仅限于与大脑相关的疾病。由于鼻腔和气道具有高度血管化的特性，它还可以使其他器官如肺部受益，并刺激针对各种病原体的黏膜免疫反应。此外，它还有将对非靶向器官的毒性降至最低的额外好处，并使EVs在体内停留更长时间。因此，越来越强调对鼻内给药EVs进行临床试验，特别是在治疗呼吸道疾病如冠状病毒病方面。
