Nutritional Advantages of Walnut ( L.) for Cardiovascular Diseases: A Comprehensive Review.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In recent years, the potential role of dietary interventions in preventing and managing CVDs has gained significant attention. Among these dietary components, walnuts ( L.) have emerged as a promising candidate due to their unique nutrient profile and potential cardiovascular benefits. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature on the role of walnuts in cardiovascular health. Using databases from Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed, the most relevant in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trial research has been collected from the time of inception until 2024. Several studies have shown that walnut consumption has a positive effect on a variety of cardiovascular risk factors. Walnut bioactive ingredients, including omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, fiber, and polyphenols, have been demonstrated to improve lipid profiles, blood pressure, endothelial function, inflammation, oxidative stress, and thrombosis. These processes all contribute to the possible cardioprotective properties of walnuts. Epidemiological and clinical research indicates that daily walnut consumption can reduce the risk of CVDs like coronary heart disease and stroke. Walnuts may aid in managing CVDs through mechanisms such as enhancing lipid profiles, reducing inflammation, and improving overall cardiovascular function. This review highlights the potential role of walnuts as a dietary strategy for the prevention and management of CVDs. Further understanding of the mechanisms and long-term effects of walnut consumption is crucial for optimizing their therapeutic potential and integrating them into clinical practice. Future research should focus on elucidating specific dose-response relationships and exploring the synergistic effects of walnuts in combination with other dietary and lifestyle interventions.