Smith Ella S, Kuikman Megan, Weakley Jonathon, Tee Nicolin, McCormick Rachel, Ackerman Kathryn E, Elliott-Sale Kirsty J, Stellingwerff Trent, Harris Rachel, McKay Alannah K A, Burke Louise M
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, AUSTRALIA.
Wu Tsai Female Athlete Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2025 Apr 1;57(4):820-831. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003608. Epub 2024 Nov 22.
The objective of this study is to examine sex-based differences in substrate oxidation, postprandial metabolism, and performance in response to 24-h manipulations in energy availability (EA), induced by manipulations to energy intake or exercise energy expenditure.
In a Latin Square design, 20 endurance athletes (10 females using monophasic oral contraceptives and 10 males) undertook five trials, each comprising three consecutive days. Day 1 was a standardized period of high EA; EA was then manipulated on day 2; postintervention testing occurred on day 3. Day 2 EA was low/high/higher EA (LEA/HEA/GEA) at 15/45/75 kcal·kg -1 FFM·d -1 , with conditions of LEA and HEA separately achieved by manipulations of either energy intake or exercise energy expenditure (LEA REST/EX vs HEA REST/EX ). On day 3, fasted peak fat oxidation during cycling and 2-h postprandial (high carbohydrate and energy meal) metabolism were assessed, alongside several performance tests: Wingate, countermovement jump, squat jump, isometric mid-thigh pull, and the Stroop color and word test.
Highest peak fat oxidation occurred under LEA induced by exercise ( P < 0.01), with no difference between sexes. Postprandial glucose ( P < 0.01) and insulin ( P < 0.05) responses were highest across both sexes when LEA was induced by diet. Relative peak and mean power throughout the Wingate, alongside countermovement jump height did not differ between EA conditions ( P > 0.05), whereas squat jump height was lower during GEA than both LEA REST ( P = 0.045) and HEA EX ( P = 0.016). Isometric mid-thigh pull peak force and the Stroop effect did not change with altered EA ( P > 0.05).
Acute (24-h) exercise-induced LEA influenced fasted substrate oxidation more than diet-induced LEA, whereas 24 h of LEA did not impair strength/power, sprint capacity, or cognitive performance. Finally, the responses to EA manipulations did not differ between sexes.
本研究的目的是研究在通过控制能量摄入或运动能量消耗来改变能量可利用性（EA）24小时后，底物氧化、餐后代谢以及运动表现方面的性别差异。
采用拉丁方设计，20名耐力运动员（10名使用单相口服避孕药的女性和10名男性）进行了五项试验，每项试验包括连续三天。第1天为高能量可利用性的标准化阶段；然后在第2天改变能量可利用性；干预后测试在第3天进行。第2天的能量可利用性分别为低/高/更高能量可利用性（LEA/HEA/GEA），分别为15/45/75千卡·千克-1去脂体重·天-1，低能量可利用性和高能量可利用性条件分别通过控制能量摄入或运动能量消耗来实现（LEA REST/EX与HEA REST/EX）。在第3天，评估了骑行过程中的空腹峰值脂肪氧化和餐后2小时（高碳水化合物和能量餐）的代谢情况，同时还进行了多项运动表现测试：温盖特测试、反向纵跳、深蹲跳、等长股中肌拉力测试以及斯特鲁普颜色和文字测试。
运动诱导的低能量可利用性状态下出现最高的峰值脂肪氧化（P<0.01），且性别之间无差异。当通过饮食诱导低能量可利用性时，两性的餐后血糖（P<0.01）和胰岛素（P<0.05）反应最高。在不同能量可利用性条件下，温盖特测试中的相对峰值功率和平均功率以及反向纵跳高度没有差异（P>0.05），而在更高能量可利用性状态下深蹲跳高度低于低能量可利用性休息组（P=0.045）和高能量可利用性运动组（P=0.016）。等长股中肌拉力峰值力和斯特鲁普效应不会随能量可利用性的改变而变化（P>0.05）。
急性（24小时）运动诱导的低能量可利用性比饮食诱导的低能量可利用性对空腹底物氧化的影响更大，而24小时的低能量可利用性不会损害力量/功率、短跑能力或认知表现。最后，两性对能量可利用性改变的反应没有差异。
