Low Chan Yew, Gan Wei Ling, Lai Su Jeat, Tam Rachel Su-May, Tan Jie Fei, Dietl Stefanie, Chuah Lay Hong, Voelcker Nicolas, Bakhtiar Athirah
School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (MIPS), Monash University Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Australia.
J Nanobiotechnology. 2025 Jan 15;23(1):16. doi: 10.1186/s12951-024-03062-7.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. Exogenous insulin can counteract the diminished response to insulin and effectively controlling blood glucose levels, thereby minimizing diabetes-related complications. However, given the injectable nature of exogenous insulin, apprehensions regarding its safety and the difficulties associated with its administration have hindered its widespread and prompt utilization. In this context, advanced oral insulin formulations can improve medication adherence in patients with diabetes and enhance their quality of life. Over the last 20 years, sophisticated pharmaceutical technologies have been utilized to provide insulin through oral formulations. Despite the limited absorption of oral insulin, these studies have demonstrated encouraging outcomes in translating clinical discoveries into commercialization. This review examines the advancements of several oral insulin formulations in preclinical and clinical trials, their effectiveness and safety characteristics, and potential implications for future treatment options.
2型糖尿病（T2DM）是一种以胰岛素抵抗为特征的代谢紊乱疾病，会导致血糖水平升高。外源性胰岛素可以抵消对胰岛素反应的减弱，并有效控制血糖水平，从而将糖尿病相关并发症降至最低。然而，鉴于外源性胰岛素的注射性质，对其安全性的担忧以及给药相关的困难阻碍了它的广泛和及时应用。在此背景下，先进的口服胰岛素制剂可以提高糖尿病患者的用药依从性并改善他们的生活质量。在过去20年里，已经利用了先进的制药技术来通过口服制剂提供胰岛素。尽管口服胰岛素的吸收有限，但这些研究在将临床发现转化为商业化方面已显示出令人鼓舞的成果。本综述探讨了几种口服胰岛素制剂在临床前和临床试验中的进展、它们的有效性和安全性特征，以及对未来治疗选择的潜在影响。
