Peng Haiyang, Zhang Da, Xie Zhipeng, Lu Shuiqing, Liu Yichang, Liang Feng
Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, P. R. China.
National Engineering Laboratory for Vacuum Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, P. R. China.
Small. 2025 Feb;21(8):e2408570. doi: 10.1002/smll.202408570. Epub 2025 Jan 20.
Electromagnetic pollution protection and military stealth technologies underscore the urgent need to develop efficient electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials (EWAMs). Traditional EWAMs suffer from single absorption loss mechanisms, poor impedance matching, and weak reflection loss. To date, combining dielectric loss with magnetic loss in EWAMs have proven to be an effective approach to enhancing electromagnetic absorption performance. The structural design of composites plays a pivotal role in improving impedance matching and enhancing the attenuation of electromagnetic waves. It is widely regarded as one of the principal methods for fine-tuning electromagnetic parameters and response mechanisms. Among these, composites of carbon and magnetic materials have become a research hotspot due to their magnetoelectric synergistic effects and versatile microstructure design. Herein, the principles of electromagnetic wave absorption in terms of both the loss mechanism and impedance matching are outlined. The research progress on core-shell, skeleton, and hollow structure of carbon/magnetic composite EWAMs are summarized. The synthesis methods, absorption properties, and attenuation mechanisms of composites with these structures are described in detail. Finally, the limitations of carbon/magnetic composites in electromagnetic wave absorption are discussed, possible solutions are proposed, and future development directions for carbon/magnetic composite EWAMs are envisioned.
电磁污染防护和军事隐身技术凸显了开发高效电磁波吸收材料（EWAMs）的迫切需求。传统的EWAMs存在单一吸收损耗机制、阻抗匹配不佳以及反射损耗较弱的问题。迄今为止，在EWAMs中结合介电损耗和磁损耗已被证明是提高电磁吸收性能的有效方法。复合材料的结构设计在改善阻抗匹配和增强电磁波衰减方面起着关键作用。它被广泛认为是微调电磁参数和响应机制的主要方法之一。其中，碳材料与磁性材料的复合材料因其磁电协同效应和多样的微观结构设计而成为研究热点。在此，从损耗机制和阻抗匹配两方面概述了电磁波吸收的原理。总结了碳/磁性复合EWAMs的核壳结构、骨架结构和中空结构的研究进展。详细描述了具有这些结构的复合材料的合成方法、吸收特性和衰减机制。最后，讨论了碳/磁性复合材料在电磁波吸收方面的局限性，提出了可能的解决方案，并展望了碳/磁性复合EWAMs的未来发展方向。
