Farkas L G, Sohm P, Kolar J C, Katic M J, Munro I R
Plast Reconstr Surg. 1985 Apr;75(4):509-19. doi: 10.1097/00006534-198504000-00011.
The average inclinations of five basic facial profile lines and five individual facial profile segments were determined by direct anthropometry in a total group of 232 healthy young adults, all North American Caucasians. Significant sex-related differences were found only in the inclination of the forehead, the lower face, and the lower third of the face, with greater inclinations in males. These results were compared with data obtained from 49 art works produced by ancient, Renaissance, post-Renaissance, and contemporary artists and drawings of the face in scientific papers published by anthropologists, orthodontists, anatomists, and plastic surgeons. In the population study the average inclination of the general and the aesthetic profile lines, the lower face, the forehead, and the lower lip show a receding trend. The upper face is slightly protruded in the males and close to vertical in the females. The chin and the nose are equally prominent in both sexes. The only significant difference is in the greater recession of the lower face in males. The average female population values are reminiscent of those of the Renaissance. The average male inclinations come closest to the findings in the statues of antiquity. The population sample and the contemporary artists showed similar inclinations of the nasal bridge and the lower lip. Generally, the average inclination of the chin in the population is smaller than in any artistic style.
通过直接人体测量法，对总共232名健康的年轻成年人（均为北美白种人）进行了五项基本面部轮廓线和五个单独面部轮廓段的平均倾斜度测定。仅在前额、下脸部以及脸部下三分之一的倾斜度方面发现了显著的性别差异，男性的倾斜度更大。将这些结果与从49件艺术作品中获得的数据进行了比较，这些作品由古代、文艺复兴时期、文艺复兴后期和当代艺术家创作，以及人类学家、正畸医生、解剖学家和整形外科医生发表的科学论文中的面部绘图。在人群研究中，总体轮廓线和美学轮廓线、下脸部、前额和下唇的平均倾斜度呈现出后缩趋势。上脸部男性略突出，女性接近垂直。下巴和鼻子在两性中同样突出。唯一显著的差异是男性下脸部后缩程度更大。女性人群的平均数值让人联想到文艺复兴时期的数值。男性的平均倾斜度最接近古代雕像的测量结果。人群样本和当代艺术家展示出鼻梁和下唇的倾斜度相似。一般来说，人群中下巴的平均倾斜度小于任何艺术风格中的倾斜度。
