Zhao Feiya, Yin Chenglong, Lai Yufeng, Lin Haiming, Jian Zhiming, Tao Aien
College of Medicine, Lijiang Culture and Tourism College, Lijiang 674100, China.
College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali 671000, China.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2025 Apr;301:140084. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.140084. Epub 2025 Jan 18.
Gastrodia elata BL. is a dried tuber of the orchid plant Gastrodia R. Br., mainly distributed in Jilin, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and other places, with wind quenching antispasmodic, suppressing the liver and Yang and other efficacy, is one of China's traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. Polysaccharides are the main bioactive substances of Gastrodia R. Br., and they have attracted extensive attention of researchers both at home and abroad. In the past few decades, various methods (such as hot water extraction, ultrasonic extraction, enzymatic extraction, etc) have been applied to extract polysaccharides from Gastrodia R. Br. (GRPs) and the structural features of GRPs are closely related to the methods of extraction and purification. Many studies have confirmed that GRPs possess various remarkable bioactivities, including anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, immune regulation, anti-aging, improving cerebral ischemia, improving memory, lowering blood pressure and glucose, anti-bacterial activities, etc. GRP, as a natural polysaccharide, is widely used in the fields of medicine, food, and health products, and has important research and development value. However, the intrinsic relationship and mechanism of action between its advanced structure and pharmacological effects need further in-depth study. This paper systematically reviews the research on the extraction and purification, structural characteristics, biological activity, modification, and potential applications of GRPs in recent years, providing a theoretical basis for further studying the structure-activity relationship of GRPs and their applications as therapeutic agents and functional foods.
天麻是兰科植物天麻的干燥块茎，主要分布于吉林、四川、贵州、云南等地，具有熄风止痉、平肝抑阳等功效，是我国传统中药材之一。多糖是天麻的主要生物活性物质，受到了国内外研究者的广泛关注。在过去几十年中，人们应用了各种方法（如热水提取、超声提取、酶提取等）从天麻中提取多糖（天麻多糖），且天麻多糖的结构特征与提取和纯化方法密切相关。许多研究证实，天麻多糖具有多种显著的生物活性，包括抗氧化、抗肿瘤、免疫调节、抗衰老、改善脑缺血、改善记忆、降低血压和血糖、抗菌活性等。天麻多糖作为一种天然多糖，在医药、食品和保健品领域有着广泛应用，具有重要的研发价值。然而，其高级结构与药理作用之间的内在关系和作用机制仍需进一步深入研究。本文系统综述了近年来天麻多糖在提取纯化、结构特征、生物活性、修饰及潜在应用等方面的研究，为进一步研究天麻多糖构效关系及其作为治疗药物和功能性食品的应用提供理论依据。
