Baker Ryan S, Cloude Elizabeth, Andres Juliana M A L, Wei Zhanlan
Department of Learning, Teaching, and Literacies, University of Pennsylvania.
Faculty of Education and Culture, Tampere University.
Cogn Sci. 2025 Jan;49(1):e70035. doi: 10.1111/cogs.70035.
There has been considerable research on confusion and frustration that has treated them as two unitary constructs, distinct from each other. In this article, we argue that there is instead a constellation of different types of confusion and frustration, with different antecedents, manifestations, and impacts, and that the commonalities between many types of confusion and frustration justify thinking of them as part of the same constellation of affect, distinct from other prominent affective categories. We discuss how these types of affect have been considered historically and in key models. We then discuss unusual manifestations of each form of affect that have been documented in the literature, and what light they shed on the broader constructs. We conclude with a discussion of a new theoretical framing that treats confusion and frustration as a confrustion constellation, and the opportunities and open questions that this perspective presents.
关于困惑和沮丧的研究颇多，以往常将它们视为两个彼此独立的单一概念。在本文中，我们认为，实际上存在一系列不同类型的困惑和沮丧，它们有着不同的前因、表现形式和影响，而且许多类型的困惑和沮丧之间的共性使得我们有理由将它们视为同一情感范畴的一部分，有别于其他突出的情感类别。我们讨论了这些情感类型在历史上以及关键模型中是如何被看待的。接着，我们探讨了文献中记载的每种情感形式的特殊表现，以及它们如何有助于理解更宽泛的概念。最后，我们讨论了一种新的理论框架，该框架将困惑和沮丧视为一个“困惑沮丧”范畴，以及这一视角所带来的机遇和有待解决的问题。
