Elnaem Mohamed Hassan, Bukhori Nur Aqilah Syuhada, Tengku Mohd Kamil Tengku Karmila, Rahayu Sinta, Ramatillah Diana Laila, Elrggal Mahmoud E
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
Psychol Health Med. 2025 Mar;30(3):555-571. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2025.2450545. Epub 2025 Jan 22.
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are susceptible to mental health issues, impacting medication adherence and diabetes control. This study aimed to evaluate factors associated with depression and anxiety among T2DM patients in Indonesia and Malaysia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Indonesia and Malaysia from October 2022 to April 2023 among T2DM patients. The study utilised an instrument with patient and disease data and three validated tools to assess depression, anxiety, and medication adherence. Statistical analysis, including binary logistic regression, was performed using SPSS® version 28 software. A study of 606 T2DM patients revealed that 56.5% were at risk of depression, while 41.6% were at risk of anxiety. Older patients with T2DM had lower rates of depression (AOR = 0.41, 0.25-0.68) and anxiety than younger patients. Normal-weight patients were less likely to experience depression and anxiety (AOR = 0.44, 0.27-0.72) than overweight patients. Patients without diabetic foot ulcers had a lower risk of depression (AOR = 0.34, 0.21-0.55) and anxiety than those with foot ulcers. Patients with a shorter duration of diabetes had a higher risk of depression (AOR = 3.27, 1.70-6.30) and anxiety than those with a longer duration. Patients on insulin-based regimens had higher rates of depression and anxiety (AOR = 2.28, 1.20-4.30) than those on metformin-based regimens. Nonadherent patients were more likely to experience depression and anxiety (AOR = 4.30, 2.22-8.32) than patients who adhered to their medication. The prevalence of depression and anxiety is concerning and influenced by factors such as age, diabetes duration, the presence of diabetic foot ulcers, and the prescribed medication regimen. Further efforts are necessary to enhance the mental health of T2DM patients and improve management outcomes.
2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者易患心理健康问题，这会影响药物依从性和糖尿病控制。本研究旨在评估印度尼西亚和马来西亚T2DM患者中与抑郁和焦虑相关的因素。2022年10月至2023年4月在印度尼西亚和马来西亚对T2DM患者进行了一项横断面研究。该研究使用了一种包含患者和疾病数据的工具以及三种经过验证的工具来评估抑郁、焦虑和药物依从性。使用SPSS® 28版软件进行了包括二元逻辑回归在内的统计分析。一项对606名T2DM患者的研究显示，56.5%的患者有抑郁风险，而41.6%的患者有焦虑风险。老年T2DM患者的抑郁（优势比[AOR]=0.41，0.25 - 0.68）和焦虑发生率低于年轻患者。正常体重患者比超重患者患抑郁和焦虑的可能性更小（AOR = 0.44，0.27 - 0.72）。没有糖尿病足溃疡的患者比有足溃疡的患者患抑郁（AOR = 0.34，0.21 - 0.55）和焦虑的风险更低。糖尿病病程较短的患者比病程较长的患者患抑郁（AOR = 3.27，1.70 - 6.30）和焦虑的风险更高。使用胰岛素治疗方案的患者比使用二甲双胍治疗方案的患者抑郁和焦虑发生率更高（AOR = 2.28，1.20 - 4.30）。不依从治疗的患者比依从药物治疗的患者更易患抑郁和焦虑（AOR = 4.30，2.22 - 8.32）。抑郁和焦虑的患病率令人担忧，且受年龄、糖尿病病程、糖尿病足溃疡的存在以及规定的药物治疗方案等因素影响。有必要进一步努力改善T2DM患者的心理健康并提高管理效果。
