Jia Jiajie, Wang Lu, Zhou Yue, Zhang Peng, Chen Xiaoping
National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China.
Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
Front Physiol. 2025 Jan 8;15:1501957. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1501957. eCollection 2024.
Skeletal muscle (SKM) has crucial roles in locomotor activity and posture within the body and also functions have been recognized as an actively secretory organ. Numerous bioactive molecules are secreted by SKM and transported by extracellular vesicles (EVs), a novel class of mediators of communication between cells and organs that contain various types of cargo molecules including lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. SKM-derived EVs (SKM-EVs) are intercellular communicators with significant roles in the crosstalk between SKM and other organs. In this review, we briefly describe the biological characteristics, composition, and uptake mechanisms of EVs, particularly exosomes, comprehensively summarize the regulatory effects of SKM-EVs on the function of, which include myogenesis, muscle repair and regeneration, as well as metabolic regulation. Furthermore, we explore the impact of SKM- EVs on various organs including bone, the cardiovascular system, adipose tissue, and nervous system. As emerging evidence suggests that SKM-EVs are involved in the development and regulation of type 2 diabetes (T2D), systemic inflammation, and other chronic diseases, we also highlight the potential of SKM-EVs as therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers, emphasizing the need for further research to elucidate the complex mechanisms underlying intercellular communication in physiological and pathological contexts.
骨骼肌（SKM）在身体的运动活动和姿势中起着关键作用，其功能也被认为是一个活跃的分泌器官。SKM分泌多种生物活性分子，并通过细胞外囊泡（EVs）进行运输，EVs是一类新型的细胞与器官间通讯介质，包含脂质、蛋白质和核酸等多种类型的 cargo 分子。源自SKM的EVs（SKM-EVs）是细胞间通讯者，在SKM与其他器官的相互作用中发挥重要作用。在本综述中，我们简要描述了EVs，特别是外泌体的生物学特性、组成和摄取机制，全面总结了SKM-EVs对其功能的调节作用，包括肌生成、肌肉修复和再生以及代谢调节。此外，我们探讨了SKM-EVs对包括骨骼、心血管系统、脂肪组织和神经系统在内的各种器官的影响。由于新出现的证据表明SKM-EVs参与2型糖尿病（T2D）、全身炎症和其他慢性疾病的发生和调节，我们还强调了SKM-EVs作为治疗靶点和诊断生物标志物的潜力，强调需要进一步研究以阐明生理和病理背景下细胞间通讯的复杂机制。
