Aguilar-Romero Inés, Madrid Fernando, Villaverde Jaime, Alonso Esteban, Santos Juan Luis, Morillo Esmeralda
Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Seville, Spanish National Research Council (IRNAS-CSIC), 41012 Seville, Spain.
Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Virgen de África, 7, 41011 Seville, Spain.
J Xenobiot. 2024 Dec 31;15(1):5. doi: 10.3390/jox15010005.
Ibuprofen (IBP) is one of the most consumed drugs in the world. It is only partially removed in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), being present in effluent wastewater and sewage sludge, causing the widespread introduction of IBP as an emergent xenobiotic in different environmental compartments. This study describes the use of CSW11, recently described as an IBP degrader, through bioaugmentation processes for the removal of IBP from water under different conditions (additional carbon sources, various concentrations of glucose and IBP). CSW11 showed very good results in a wide range of IBP concentrations, with 100% removal in only 4 days for 1 and 5 mg L IBP and 7 days for 10 mg L, and up to 48.4% removal in 28 days for IBP 100 mg L when using glucose 3 g L as an additional carbon source. Three IBP metabolites were identified during the biotransformation process: 1-hydroxyibuprofen (1-OH-IBP), 2-hydroxyibuprofen (2-OH-IBP), and carboxyibuprofen (CBX-IBP), whose concentrations declined drastically in the presence of glucose. IBP metabolites maintained a certain degree of toxicity in solution, even when IBP was completely removed. The results indicate that CSW11 can be quite effective in degrading IBP in water, but the bioaugmentation method should be improved using CSW11 in consortia with other bacterial strains able to degrade the toxic metabolites produced. A genome-based analysis of CSW11 revealed different enzymes that could be involved in IBP biodegradation, and a potential metabolic pathway was proposed based on the metabolites observed and genome analysis.
布洛芬（IBP）是全球消费量最大的药物之一。它在污水处理厂（WWTPs）中仅被部分去除，存在于出水废水和污水污泥中，导致IBP作为一种新兴的外源生物广泛进入不同的环境介质中。本研究描述了最近被描述为IBP降解菌的CSW11在不同条件下（添加碳源、不同浓度的葡萄糖和IBP）通过生物强化过程从水中去除IBP的应用。CSW11在广泛的IBP浓度范围内表现出非常好的效果，对于1和5 mg/L的IBP，仅4天即可实现100%去除，对于10 mg/L的IBP，7天可实现100%去除，当使用3 g/L葡萄糖作为额外碳源时，对于100 mg/L的IBP，28天内去除率高达48.4%。在生物转化过程中鉴定出三种IBP代谢产物：1-羟基布洛芬（1-OH-IBP）、2-羟基布洛芬（2-OH-IBP）和羧基布洛芬（CBX-IBP），在葡萄糖存在的情况下，它们的浓度急剧下降。即使IBP被完全去除，IBP代谢产物在溶液中仍保持一定程度的毒性。结果表明，CSW11在降解水中的IBP方面可能相当有效，但应通过将CSW11与其他能够降解所产生的有毒代谢产物的细菌菌株联合使用来改进生物强化方法。基于基因组的CSW11分析揭示了可能参与IBP生物降解的不同酶，并根据观察到的代谢产物和基因组分析提出了一条潜在的代谢途径。
