Valle Ortiz Daniel Jafet, Aguila Muñoz Dolores Guadalupe, Cruz López María Del Carmen, Cortés Espinosa Diana Verónica, Rosales Castro Martha, Jiménez Montejo Fabiola Eloísa
Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ex-Hacienda San Juan Molino Carretera Estatal Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km 1.5, Tlaxcala C.P. 90700, Mexico.
Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Durango, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Calle Sigma Núm. 119 Fracc. 20 de noviembre, Durango, Durango C.P. 34220, Mexico.
Metabolites. 2025 Jan 6;15(1):23. doi: 10.3390/metabo15010023.
: Jacq. (HP) is widely recognized in traditional medicine for its antimicrobial properties, which are attributed to secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and terpenes. f. sp. (Fo), a phytopathogenic fungus affecting economically important crops, is managed with fungicides like benzimidazoles and azoles. Excessive use of these compounds has led to resistance and environmental contamination, highlighting the need for sustainable alternatives. This study aimed to optimize the extraction of secondary metabolites from HP leaves and flowers, evaluate their antifungal activity, and assess the impact of extraction methods and plant parts on chemical composition and efficacy. : Three extraction methods were employed: consecutive maceration (CM) using solvents of ascending polarity; total maceration (TM), which is a single-step methanol-based method; and ultrasound-assisted maceration (UAM) employing ultrasonic waves with methanol. Extracts were characterized by quantifying total phenols (TP), condensed tannins (TC), flavonoids (Fl), alkaloids (TA), sterols (TS), and saponins (S) using colorimetric assays and UPLC-MS. Multivariate analyses, including PCA, PLS-DA, OPLS-DA, and Pearson correlation, evaluated the relationships between the chemical profiles and antifungal activity. : Leaf extracts exhibited higher flavonoid and tannin contents than flower extracts. CMML showed the highest antifungal activity (IC 3.7% /), which was associated with elevated levels of these compounds. Significant correlations linked antifungal activity with rutin (HP21) and kaempferol-3-O-β-rutinoside (HP29). : Methanolic extracts of HP exhibited significant antifungal activity against Fo. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing extraction methods and selecting specific plant parts to enhance bioactive compound efficacy, offering a sustainable approach to pathogen management.
Jacq. (HP) 在传统医学中因其抗菌特性而被广泛认可，这些抗菌特性归因于酚类化合物、生物碱和萜类等次生代谢产物。f. sp. (Fo) 是一种影响经济作物的植物病原真菌，使用苯并咪唑和唑类等杀菌剂进行防治。这些化合物的过度使用导致了抗性和环境污染，凸显了对可持续替代方法的需求。本研究旨在优化从HP叶和花中提取次生代谢产物的方法，评估其抗真菌活性，并评估提取方法和植物部位对化学成分和功效的影响。采用了三种提取方法：使用极性递增的溶剂进行连续浸渍 (CM)；全浸渍 (TM)，这是一种基于甲醇的单步方法；以及使用超声波与甲醇的超声辅助浸渍 (UAM)。通过比色法和超高效液相色谱 - 质谱联用 (UPLC-MS) 对提取物中的总酚 (TP)、缩合单宁 (TC)、黄酮类化合物 (Fl)、生物碱 (TA)、甾醇 (TS) 和皂苷 (S) 进行定量分析，以表征提取物。包括主成分分析 (PCA)、偏最小二乘判别分析 (PLS-DA)、正交偏最小二乘判别分析 (OPLS-DA) 和皮尔逊相关性分析在内的多变量分析评估了化学特征与抗真菌活性之间的关系。叶提取物的黄酮类化合物和单宁含量高于花提取物。CMML显示出最高的抗真菌活性 (IC 3.7% /)，这与这些化合物的含量升高有关。抗真菌活性与芦丁 (HP21) 和山奈酚 - 3 - O - β - 芸香糖苷 (HP29) 之间存在显著相关性。HP的甲醇提取物对Fo表现出显著的抗真菌活性。这些发现凸显了优化提取方法和选择特定植物部位以提高生物活性化合物功效的重要性，为病原体管理提供了一种可持续的方法。
