DeAsís-Fernández Francisco, Reina-Varona Álvaro, Papotsidakis Evangelos, Lafuente Juan, Fierro-Marrero José
Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Madrid, Spain.
Motion in Brains Research Group, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28023 Madrid, Spain.
Sports (Basel). 2025 Jan 15;13(1):24. doi: 10.3390/sports13010024.
To reduce the risk of syncope, trained breath-hold divers (BHDs) use a specialized breathing technique after surfacing called "hook breathing" (HB). It consists of a full inspiration followed by a Valsalva-like maneuver and with subsequent exhalation performed against resistance to generate continuous positive airway pressure during exhalation. This study analyzed the influence of HB on oxygen saturation recovery after a -40 m depth apnea dive in trained BHDs. Thirteen BHDs performed two dives to -40 m at different days, one followed by HB after a dive and the other using usual breathing (UB). To detect signs of lung edema, ultrasound B-line measurements were conducted before, 10 min after the dive, and within 1 h after the dive. To detect oxygen saturation recovery, pulse oximetry was recorded before and immediately after surfacing. Both groups exhibited significant increases in SpO over time (UB: F (2.25, 24.7) = 22.1, < 0.001, ηg2 = 0.612; HB: F (2.11, 23.2) = 29.0, < 0.001, ηg2 = 0.688). Significant differences in SpO were observed between the HB and UB groups at 30-45 s post-apnea, with higher SpO values in the HB group; between 1.64 and 5.08% of SpO in favor of the HB intervention. Four participants showed ultrasound B-lines within ten minutes post-dive. After a 40 m apnea dive, the results revealed significant SpO recovery from 30 s to 45 s, with the HB recovering more rapidly. No differences were found at earlier (10-25 s) or later time points (50-60 s).
为降低晕厥风险，经过训练的屏气潜水员（BHD）在浮出水面后会使用一种名为“钩式呼吸”（HB）的特殊呼吸技巧。它包括一次完全吸气，接着是类似瓦尔萨尔瓦动作的操作，随后呼气时对抗阻力以在呼气过程中产生持续气道正压。本研究分析了HB对经过训练的BHD在-40米深度屏气潜水后氧饱和度恢复的影响。13名BHD在不同日期进行了两次至-40米的潜水，一次潜水后采用HB，另一次采用常规呼吸（UB）。为检测肺水肿迹象，在潜水前、潜水后10分钟以及潜水后1小时内进行了超声B线测量。为检测氧饱和度恢复情况，在浮出水面之前和之后立即记录脉搏血氧饱和度。两组的SpO均随时间显著增加（UB：F(2.25, 24.7) = 22.1，P < 0.001，ηg2 = 0.612；HB：F(2.11, 23.2) = 29.0，P < 0.001，ηg2 = 0.688）。在屏气后30 - 45秒时，HB组和UB组的SpO存在显著差异，HB组的SpO值更高；有利于HB干预的SpO差异在1.64%至5.08%之间。4名参与者在潜水后10分钟内出现超声B线。在进行40米屏气潜水后，结果显示从30秒到45秒SpO有显著恢复，HB恢复得更快。在更早（10 - 25秒）或更晚的时间点（50 - 60秒）未发现差异。
