Alaniz-Zanon María Silvina, Bossa Marianela, Rosales Cavaglieri Lorenzo Antonio, Palazzini Juan Manuel, Sulyok Michael, Chulze Sofía Noemí, Chiotta María Laura
Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina.
Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina.
Toxins (Basel). 2025 Jan 15;17(1):39. doi: 10.3390/toxins17010039.
Barley ( L.) is the second winter crop in Argentina. In the national market, grains are mainly destined to produce malt for beer manufacture. species are common, causing Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) in barley, which generates yield and quality losses, as well as mycotoxin occurrence. The aims of this study were to determine (a) the incidence of the main species causing FHB in different locations of the barley-growing region of Argentina, (b) their ability to produce mycotoxins, and (c) the levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) natural occurrence in grains at the harvest stage. Additionally, a strain of was studied as a biocontrol agent in order to control sensu stricto and mycotoxin accumulation during the malting process, with the final objective being to reduce DON contamination in the beer manufacture chain. ss was the most prevalent species causing FHB, with being less distributed. Both species produced several mycotoxins, including NX-2 and NX-3, which is the first report of their production by strains isolated from barley in Argentina. Deoxynivalenol contamination was found in 95% of barley grains during the 2016 harvest season (mean: 0.4 mg/kg), while NIV contamination was present in 29% of samples (mean: 0.49 mg/kg). In the 2017 harvest season, 53.6% of grains were contaminated with DON (mean: 0.42 mg/kg), and 21% with NIV (mean: 0.8 mg/kg). Quantification of ss by real-time PCR during the micro-malting process showed that application of the biocontrol agent before the germination stage was the most effective treatment, with a 45% reduction in fungal DNA levels. Reduction in DON contamination (69.3-100%) in artificially infected grains with ss, was also observed. The present work contributes to the knowledge of FHB in Argentina and to the development of a strategy to control this disease and mycotoxin contamination in barley, promoting at the same time food security.
大麦（L.）是阿根廷的第二大冬季作物。在国内市场，谷物主要用于生产啤酒麦芽。某些物种很常见，会导致大麦发生镰刀菌穗腐病（FHB），造成产量和质量损失以及霉菌毒素的产生。本研究的目的是确定：（a）在阿根廷大麦种植区不同地点引起FHB的主要物种的发生率；（b）它们产生霉菌毒素的能力；（c）收获期谷物中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）和雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（NIV）的自然发生水平。此外，还研究了一种菌株作为生物防治剂，以控制严格意义上的镰刀菌和麦芽制造过程中的霉菌毒素积累，最终目标是减少啤酒生产链中的DON污染。单端孢霉属是引起FHB最普遍的物种，另一种分布较少。这两个物种都产生了几种霉菌毒素，包括NX - 2和NX - 3，这是阿根廷从大麦中分离出的菌株产生这些毒素的首次报道。在2016年收获季节，95%的大麦籽粒中发现了脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染（平均：0.4毫克/千克），而29%的样品中存在NIV污染（平均：0.49毫克/千克）。在2017年收获季节，53.6%的谷物被DON污染（平均：0.42毫克/千克），21%被NIV污染（平均：0.8毫克/千克）。在微型麦芽制造过程中通过实时PCR对单端孢霉属进行定量分析表明，在发芽阶段之前应用生物防治剂是最有效的处理方法，真菌DNA水平降低了45%。在人工感染单端孢霉属的谷物中也观察到DON污染减少（69.3 - 100%）。本研究有助于了解阿根廷的FHB情况，并有助于制定控制大麦这种病害和霉菌毒素污染的策略，同时促进粮食安全。
