Wanjeri Veronica Wayayi Ogolla, Okuku Eric, Ngila Jane Catherine, Ouma Josephine, Ndungu Patrick Gathura
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P.O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2025 Feb;32(7):4103-4123. doi: 10.1007/s11356-024-35881-4. Epub 2025 Jan 24.
Pollution in marine creeks has been increasing due to anthropogenic activities and has been a global concern. Limited research has been conducted on pharmaceuticals in marine sediment and macroalgae in African countries. In the present study, the levels of pharmaceuticals were assessed in surface sediment and different species of macroalgae (ulvophyceae; Cladophora sudanensis, Chaetomorpha crassa, Chaetomorpha indica, Enteromorpha kylinii, Ulva reticulate, Ulva lactuca and Cladophora sibugae) in Mombasa peri-urban creeks (Tudor, Makupa and Mtwapa creek) and Gazi bay during dry and wet seasons. The concentration of pharmaceuticals in the surface sediment during dry and wet seasons ranged between 0.04-686.8 ng/g and 0.01-2580.6 ng/g, respectively. The highest concentration of pharmaceuticals was observed in Tudor creek in dry and wet seasons, with a sum concentration of ∑1013 ng/g and ∑3111 ng/g, respectively. Gazi Bay was used as a reference environment for this study, and pharmaceuticals were detected in dry and wet seasons with a concentration of 0.10-686.8 ng/g and 0.18-93.5 ng/g, respectively. There was no seasonal variation in the pharmaceutical concentration during the dry and wet seasons. For macroalgae of ulvophyceae species, pharmaceutical concentration ranged below the detection limit (DL)-11059 ng/g. Compared to surface sediment, macroalgae showed a high concentration of pharmaceuticals in Tudor, Makupa and Mtwapa creeks. Tetracycline was higher in sediment and macroalgae in all the creeks than other pharmaceutical compounds. A high concentration of pharmaceuticals confirms sewage effluent into the marine environment of Mombasa peri-urban creek. Pharmaceuticals (acetaminophen, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, carbamazepine and nevirapine) in sediment posed a medium (- 1 < Log10 RQ < 0) to higher risk (Log10 RQ > 0) to algae, invertebrates and fish in the dry and wet seasons. There is a need to sensitise the residents of coastal cities on the impact of sewage effluent into the marine environment and enact strict measures to limit the discharge of sewage effluents containing these contaminants into the marine environment. Nevertheless, it is recommended to conduct further research on the distribution of pharmaceuticals in the marine environment and the long-term combined impacts of these substances of these compounds on marine biota.
由于人为活动，海洋小溪中的污染一直在增加，这已成为一个全球关注的问题。在非洲国家，关于海洋沉积物和大型藻类中药物的研究有限。在本研究中，评估了蒙巴萨城郊小溪（都铎溪、马库帕溪和姆特瓦帕溪）以及加齐湾在旱季和雨季时表层沉积物和不同种类大型藻类（绿藻纲；苏丹刚毛藻、粗硬毛藻、印度毛藻、基林肠浒苔、网状石莼、石莼和西布加刚毛藻）中的药物水平。旱季和雨季表层沉积物中药物的浓度分别在0.04 - 686.8纳克/克和0.01 - 2580.6纳克/克之间。在旱季和雨季，都铎溪中观察到的药物浓度最高，总浓度分别为∑1013纳克/克和∑3111纳克/克。加齐湾被用作本研究的参考环境，在旱季和雨季均检测到了药物，浓度分别为0.10 - 686.8纳克/克和0.18 - 93.5纳克/克。旱季和雨季药物浓度没有季节性变化。对于绿藻纲种类的大型藻类，药物浓度范围低于检测限（DL） - 11059纳克/克。与表层沉积物相比，都铎溪、马库帕溪和姆特瓦帕溪中的大型藻类显示出较高的药物浓度。在所有小溪的沉积物和大型藻类中，四环素的含量都高于其他药物化合物。高浓度的药物证实了污水排入蒙巴萨城郊小溪的海洋环境。沉积物中的药物（对乙酰氨基酚、磺胺甲恶唑、甲氧苄啶、卡马西平和奈韦拉平）在旱季和雨季对藻类、无脊椎动物和鱼类构成了中等风险（ - 1 < Log10 RQ < 0）到较高风险（Log10 RQ > 0）。有必要让沿海城市的居民了解污水排放对海洋环境的影响，并制定严格措施限制含有这些污染物的污水排入海洋环境。尽管如此，建议对海洋环境中药物的分布以及这些化合物的这些物质对海洋生物群的长期综合影响进行进一步研究。
