Wanjeri Veronica Ogolla Wayayi, Okuku Eric, Gachanja Anthony, Ngila Jane Catherine, Ndungu Patrick Gathura
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P.O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya.
Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P.O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya.
Chemosphere. 2023 Jan;311(Pt 2):137144. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137144. Epub 2022 Nov 4.
The information on pharmaceutical compounds' distribution and their possible risks in marine ecosystems along the Kenya coast is limited especially in the peri-urban creeks. Hence, this study aimed to determine pharmaceutical residue levels and distribution in selected peri-urban creeks in Mombasa and Gazi bay. The target compounds were analgesic (acetaminophen), antibiotics (trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole), antiepileptic (carbamazepine), and antiretroviral (nevirapine). Pharmaceutical residues in grab surface seawater in wet and dry seasons ranged from below detection limit (BDL)-1065.6 μg L and BDL-71.3 μg L, respectively. The concentration of the pharmaceutical residues was high in Tudor creek in the dry and wet seasons with a mean concentration of 63.3 μg L and 233.1 μg L respectively compared to Makupa creek (dry season, 54.2 μg L; wet season 16.2 μg L), and Mtwapa creek (dry season, 43.1 μg L; wet season, 15.0 μg L). Gazi Bay being used as a control site had a mean concentration of 21.3 μg L and 3.1 μg L during the dry season and wet season respectively. Acetaminophen and nevirapine were the most ubiquitous compounds in seawater since they were found in all seawater samples collected. Risk quotients (RQ) for invertebrates and algae based on the mean concentrations of the analytes were estimated to provide a preliminary environmental risk assessment. The results suggest that the studied acetaminophen, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, and carbamazepine in seawater pose low (0.01 ≤ RQ < 0.1) to medium (0.1 ≤ RQ < 1) ecological risk whereas nevirapine poses medium to high (RQ ≥ 1) ecological risk to the ecosystems of Mombasa periurban creeks and Gazi bay. Further research, however, is encouraged on the distribution of pharmaceuticals in the marine environment and the long-term synergistic effects of mixtures of these compounds on marine biota.
关于药物化合物在肯尼亚沿海海洋生态系统中的分布及其潜在风险的信息有限，尤其是在城郊小溪地区。因此，本研究旨在确定蒙巴萨和加齐湾选定城郊小溪中药物残留水平及分布情况。目标化合物包括镇痛药（对乙酰氨基酚）、抗生素（甲氧苄啶和磺胺甲恶唑）、抗癫痫药（卡马西平）和抗逆转录病毒药（奈韦拉平）。雨季和旱季采集的表层海水样本中药物残留量分别在低于检测限（BDL）至1065.6μg/L和BDL至71.3μg/L之间。与马库帕小溪（旱季54.2μg/L；雨季16.2μg/L）和姆特瓦帕小溪（旱季43.1μg/L；雨季15.0μg/L）相比，图德小溪在旱季和雨季的药物残留浓度较高，平均浓度分别为63.3μg/L和233.1μg/L。用作对照地点的加齐湾在旱季和雨季的平均浓度分别为21.3μg/L和3.1μg/L。对乙酰氨基酚和奈韦拉平是海水中最普遍存在的化合物，因为在所有采集的海水样本中均有发现。基于分析物的平均浓度估算了无脊椎动物和藻类的风险商（RQ），以进行初步的环境风险评估。结果表明，海水中研究的对乙酰氨基酚、甲氧苄啶、磺胺甲恶唑和卡马西平对蒙巴萨城郊小溪和加齐湾生态系统造成的生态风险较低（0.01≤RQ＜0.1）至中等（0.1≤RQ＜1），而奈韦拉平造成的生态风险为中等至高（RQ≥1）。然而，鼓励进一步研究药物在海洋环境中的分布以及这些化合物混合物对海洋生物群的长期协同效应。
