Synergistic hydrogen production and organic pollutant removal via dual-functional photocatalytic systems.

Photocatalytic water splitting is a promising way to produce H, a green and clean energy source. However, efficient H production typically relies on the addition of electron donors, such as alcohols and acids, which are neither environmentally friendly nor cost-effective. Recently, we have witnessed a surge of studies in coupling photocatalytic H evolution with organic pollutant oxidation, which significantly promotes charge separation and improves the overall photocatalytic efficiency. It is thus an opportune time to critically assess the recent literature concerning dual-functional photocatalytic systems and provide perspectives for its future development. In this minireview, we begin with the working principles and requirements for synergistic photocatalytic systems. We then summarize and critically discuss the recent advances in photocatalytic H production and the degradation of various organic pollutants, including antibiotics, dyes, and phenols. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and suggest future directions for this field.