Enhancing salt stress tolerance in Carthamus tinctorius L. through selenium soil treatment: anatomical, biochemical, and physiological insights.

Selenium (Se) plays a crucial role in ameliorating the negative impact of abiotic stress. The present study was performed to elucidate the efficacy of soil treatment of Se in reducing salt-induced stress in Carthamus tinctorius L. In this study, three different levels of NaSeO (0, 0.01, and 0.02 g kg) and four levels of NaCl (0, 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 g kg) were applied. The findings revealed that while NaCl decreased seed germination parameters, growth characteristics, K content, relative water content (RWC), and photosynthetic pigments, it increased Na content, soluble carbohydrates, HO content, and malondialdehyde (MDA) level. The application of Se showed a positive effect on seed germination and growth characteristics under salinity conditions, which is linked to alterations in anatomical, biochemical, and physiological factors. Anatomical studies showed that treatment with Se led to increased stem diameter, cortical parenchyma thickness, and pith diameter under salinity stress. However, variations in the thickness of the xylem and phloem did not reach statistical significance. The application of Se (0.02 g kg) raised Na content (7.65%), K content (29.24%), RWC (15%), Chl a (17%), Chl b (21.73%), Chl a + b (16.9%), Car (4.22%), and soluble carbohydrates (11%) in plants subjected to NaCl (2.5 g kg) stress. Furthermore, it decreased HO (25.65%) and MDA (11.9%) in the shoots. The findings of the current study advocate the application of the Se-soil treating technique as an approach for salt stress mitigation in crops grown in saline conditions.