Green Camille, Zaman Vandana, Blumenstock Kayce, Banik Narendra L, Haque Azizul
Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, 109 Bee Street, Charleston, SC 29401, USA.
Biomedicines. 2025 Jan 8;13(1):132. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines13010132.
Metabolic peptides can influence metabolic processes and contribute to both inflammatory and/or anti-inflammatory responses. Studies have shown that there are thousands of metabolic peptides, made up of short chains of amino acids, that the human body produces. These peptides are crucial for regulating many different processes like metabolism and cell signaling, as they bind to receptors on various cells. This review will cover the role of three specific metabolic peptides and their roles in hyperinsulinemia, diabetes, inflammation, and neurodegeneration, as well as their roles in type 3 diabetes and dementia. The metabolic peptides glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), gastric inhibitor polypeptide (GIP), and pancreatic peptide (PP) will be discussed, as dysregulation within their processes can lead to the development of various inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Research has been able to closely investigate the connections between these metabolic peptides and their links to the gut-brain axis, highlighting changes made in the gut that can lead to dysfunction in processes in the brain, as well as changes made in the brain that can lead to dysregulation in the gut. The role of metabolic peptides in the development and potentially reversal of diseases such as obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and type 2 diabetes will also be discussed. Furthermore, we review the potential links between these conditions and neuroinflammation and the development of neurodegenerative diseases like dementia, specifically Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
代谢肽可以影响代谢过程，并参与炎症和/或抗炎反应。研究表明，人体会产生数千种由短氨基酸链组成的代谢肽。这些肽对于调节许多不同的过程，如新陈代谢和细胞信号传导至关重要，因为它们会与各种细胞上的受体结合。本综述将涵盖三种特定代谢肽的作用及其在高胰岛素血症、糖尿病、炎症和神经退行性变中的作用，以及它们在3型糖尿病和痴呆症中的作用。将讨论代谢肽胰高血糖素样肽1（GLP-1）、胃抑制多肽（GIP）和胰多肽（PP），因为它们过程中的失调会导致各种炎症和神经退行性疾病的发生。研究已经能够密切研究这些代谢肽之间的联系以及它们与肠-脑轴的关联，突出了肠道中发生的变化如何导致大脑中过程的功能障碍，以及大脑中发生的变化如何导致肠道失调。还将讨论代谢肽在肥胖、高胰岛素血症和2型糖尿病等疾病的发展和潜在逆转中的作用。此外，我们回顾了这些病症与神经炎症以及痴呆症等神经退行性疾病（特别是帕金森病和阿尔茨海默病）发展之间的潜在联系。
