Distribution, Phytochemical Insights, and Cytotoxic Potential of the Genus: A Comprehensive Review of , , and .

This review evaluates the cytotoxic potential of the genus, with a focus on , , and . These species, known for their diverse phytochemical compositions, exhibit notable cytotoxic effects that suggest their utility in natural cancer treatments. Compounds such as quercetin, kaempferol, and sesbagrandiforian A and B have been highlighted for their strong antioxidant and antiproliferative effects, further emphasizing their therapeutic potential. The genus exhibits a wide range of in vitro and in vivo bioactivities. Extensive research on has uncovered mechanisms such as the activation of caspase cascades and the induction of apoptosis, attributed to its rich content of flavonoids and alkaloids. Notably, sesbanimides derived from seeds have demonstrated potent cytotoxic effects by disrupting mitochondrial function. While and have been less extensively studied, early findings highlight their potential through the inhibition of key cancer pathways and the identification of bioactive compounds such as galactomannan derivatives and 2-arylbenzofurans. Notably, the galactomannan derivatives from exhibit significant immune-modulating properties. Additionally, nanoparticles synthesized from species, including Cadmium oxide and PEGylated silver nanoparticles, have demonstrated promising cytotoxic activity by disrupting mitosis and enhancing immune responses. While further research is warranted, the genus offers a promising basis for the development of innovative anticancer therapies.