Michalik Michał, Podbielska-Kubera Adrianna, Dmowska-Koroblewska Agnieszka
MML Medical Centre, Bagno 2, 00-112 Warsaw, Poland.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025 Jan 11;18(1):81. doi: 10.3390/ph18010081.
Inappropriate and excessive use of antibiotics is responsible for the rapid development of antimicrobial resistance, which is associated with increased patient morbidity and mortality. There is an urgent need to explore new antibiotics or alternative antimicrobial agents. a commensal microorganism but is also responsible for numerous infections. In addition to innate resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, strains resistant to methicillin (MRSA) often show resistance to other classes of antibiotics (multidrug resistance). The advancement of phage therapy against MRSA infections offers a promising alternative in the context of increasing antibiotic resistance. Therapeutic phages are easier to obtain and cheaper to produce than antibiotics. However, there is still a lack of standards to ensure the safe use of phages, including purification, dosage, means of administration, and the quantity of phages used. Some bacteria have developed defense mechanisms against phages. The use of phage cocktails or the combination of antibiotics and phages is preferred. For personalized therapy, it is essential to set up large collections to enable phage selection. In the future, the fight against MRSA strains using phages should be based on a multidisciplinary approach, including molecular biology and medicine. Other therapies in the fight against MRSA strains include the use of endolysin antimicrobial peptides (including defensins and cathelicidins). Researchers' activities also focus on the potential use of plant extracts, honey, propolis, alkaloids, and essential oils. To date, no vaccine has been approved against strains.
抗生素的不当和过度使用导致了抗菌药物耐药性的迅速发展，这与患者发病率和死亡率的增加有关。迫切需要探索新的抗生素或替代抗菌剂。金黄色葡萄球菌不仅是一种共生微生物，还会引发多种感染。除了对β-内酰胺类抗生素具有天然耐药性外，耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）菌株通常还对其他类别的抗生素表现出耐药性（多重耐药）。在抗生素耐药性不断增加的背景下，针对MRSA感染的噬菌体疗法的进展提供了一个有前景的替代方案。治疗性噬菌体比抗生素更容易获得且生产成本更低。然而，仍然缺乏确保噬菌体安全使用的标准，包括纯化、剂量、给药方式以及所用噬菌体的数量。一些细菌已经进化出了针对噬菌体的防御机制。使用噬菌体鸡尾酒或抗生素与噬菌体的联合使用更为可取。对于个性化治疗，建立大型噬菌体库以实现噬菌体选择至关重要。未来，利用噬菌体对抗MRSA菌株应基于多学科方法，包括分子生物学和医学。对抗MRSA菌株的其他疗法包括使用溶菌酶抗菌肽（包括防御素和cathelicidins）。研究人员的活动还集中在植物提取物、蜂蜜、蜂胶、生物碱和精油的潜在用途上。迄今为止，尚未批准针对MRSA菌株的疫苗。
