Deshpande Sachin Hari
Foundation for Ancient Indian Philosophy and Medicine, At 202, C.L.Magic, Prathamesh Coperative Housing society, Kondhwa Bk., Pune, 411048, Maharashtra, India.
J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2025 Jan-Feb;16(1):101010. doi: 10.1016/j.jaim.2024.101010. Epub 2025 Jan 24.
Surgery is the branch of medicine which involves correction of the diseases by means of interventions and by means of various instruments and methods. Surgery in latin is called as Chirugi and in the Indian context it is termed as 'Shalyatantra'. Surgery is the science as well as the tantra or technology. Ayurveda itself believes that, it is the technology by applying the word tantra to it. Shalyatantra is not only the technology, but it is the science with firm foundations; and the procedures or interventions involve the art within it. The philosophical insights from various Darshanas contributed to the derivation of foundational principles. The expert of surgery is called as 'Surgeon' and termed as 'Shalyatantragya' by Ayurveda. A surgeon has to master not only the science and art of surgical procedure; but also the philosophy, technology alongwith the details of medicines and drugs formulations. The procedures in surgery are the techniques, which have to be mastered by means of practice and by performing multiple operations. But this is not enough to become a good surgeon. The essential conditions for the expertise in surgery are, to master upon the surgical science and philosophy and to get acquainted with the advanced technologies also. In this particular article, the interconnections among surgical science, art, philosophy and technology and their applications are being discussed with special emphasis upon the ancient text of Sushruta, that is, Sushruta Samhita. Also it has been tried to critically analyse how the guiding principles from ancient Shalyatantra of Sushruta can be contributory to the surgery of the current medical practice.
外科是医学的一个分支，它通过干预以及各种器械和方法来矫正疾病。在拉丁语中，外科被称为“Chirugi”，在印度语境中则被称为“Shalyatantra”。外科既是一门科学，也是一种密宗或技术。阿育吠陀本身认为，将其称为密宗就是一种技术。Shalyatantra不仅是一种技术，更是一门有着坚实基础的科学；其程序或干预措施蕴含着艺术。来自各种哲学流派的哲学见解促成了基本原则的推导。外科专家被称为“外科医生”，在阿育吠陀中被称为“Shalyatantragya”。一名外科医生不仅要掌握外科手术的科学与艺术；还必须精通哲学、技术以及药物和药剂配方的细节。外科手术中的程序是一些技术，必须通过实践和进行多次手术才能掌握。但仅做到这些还不足以成为一名优秀的外科医生。成为外科专家的基本条件是掌握外科学和哲学，并熟悉先进技术。在这篇特定的文章中，将讨论外科学、艺术、哲学和技术之间的相互联系及其应用，并特别强调古代的《妙闻集》（Sushruta Samhita）。同时，也尝试批判性地分析妙闻古代Shalyatantra的指导原则如何能为当前医学实践中的外科手术做出贡献。
