Alkattan Reem, Tashkandi Nada, Mirdad Amani, Ali Hossam Tharwat, Alshibani Nouf, Allam Eman
Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Preventive Dentistry Department, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Int Dent J. 2025 Jun;75(3):2014-2024. doi: 10.1016/j.identj.2024.12.036. Epub 2025 Jan 24.
The use of electronic cigarettes "e-cigarettes," or vaping is growing in popularity, especially among adolescents and young adults. While the effects of cigarette smoking on oral health are well-established, the exact impact that e-cigarettes may have on dental tissues is still uncertain. The aim of the current review was to summarize evidence related to the effect of vaping on the periodontal health status of e-cigarette users.
A comprehensive electronic search was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, until January 31, 2024. Two independent reviewers participated in the screening of studies, data extraction, and assessment of the included studies. Any disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer the quality assessment was done using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess the risk of bias. A frequentist meta-analysis was performed using R Statistical Software. The random effects model was adopted. Data were described as mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). A p-value of ≤ .05 was deemed statistically significant.
Ten studies met the eligibility criteria. Overall, the findings were consistent, with most studies showing that e-cigarette users are at greater risk of periodontal disease than nonsmokers, but that they have a lower risk than cigarette smokers. Pooling results showed lower mean probing depth (PD) among nonsmokers than e-smokers (MD: -1.91; 95% CI: [-3.36: -0.47]; p-value = .01) while it was higher among cigarette smokers in participants with periodontitis (MD:0.43; 95%CI: [0.08:0.79]; p-value = .02). Compared to e-smoking, nonsmokers had lower PI (MD: -20.63; 95%CI: [-28.04: -13.21]; p-value < .001) while cigarette smokers had higher PI (MD: 4.88; 95% CI: [-1.52:11.29]; p-value = .135). Among participants with periodontitis, only cigarette smokers had significantly higher PI (MD: 4.53; 95%CI: [1.94:7.13]; p-value < .001).
Based on the current analysis, conventional cigarette smoking is the most detrimental to periodontal health among the groups compared in all included studies. This indicates that traditional cigarettes have a more severe impact on periodontal tissues than do e-cigarettes. The data suggest a gradient of risk where nonsmokers have the lowest risk, e-cigarette users have a moderate risk, and cigarette smokers have the highest risk for periodontal health issues.
电子烟的使用在青少年和年轻人中越来越普遍。虽然吸烟对口腔健康的影响已得到充分证实，但电子烟对牙齿组织的确切影响仍不确定。本综述的目的是总结有关吸电子烟对电子烟使用者牙周健康状况影响的证据。
截至2024年1月31日，使用PubMed、科学网和Scopus数据库进行了全面的电子检索。两名独立评审员参与了研究筛选、数据提取和纳入研究的评估。任何分歧都由第三位评审员解决，使用纽卡斯尔-渥太华量表进行质量评估以评估偏倚风险。使用R统计软件进行频率元分析。采用随机效应模型。数据以平均差（MD）和95%置信区间（CI）表示。p值≤0.05被认为具有统计学意义。
十项研究符合纳入标准。总体而言，研究结果一致，大多数研究表明，电子烟使用者患牙周病的风险高于非吸烟者，但低于吸烟者。汇总结果显示，非吸烟者的平均探诊深度（PD）低于电子烟使用者（MD：-1.91；95%CI：[-3.36：-0.47]；p值=0.01），而在患有牙周炎的参与者中，吸烟者的平均探诊深度更高（MD：0.43；95%CI：[0.08：0.79]；p值=0.02）。与吸电子烟相比，非吸烟者的菌斑指数（PI）更低（MD：-20.63；95%CI：[-28.04：-13.21]；p值<0.001），而吸烟者的菌斑指数更高（MD：4.88；95%CI：[-1.52：11.29]；p值=0.135）。在患有牙周炎的参与者中，只有吸烟者的菌斑指数显著更高（MD：4.53；95%CI：[1.94：7.13]；p值<0.001）。
基于目前的分析，在所有纳入研究中比较的各组中，传统吸烟对牙周健康危害最大。这表明传统香烟对牙周组织的影响比电子烟更严重。数据表明存在一个风险梯度，即非吸烟者风险最低，电子烟使用者风险中等，吸烟者患牙周健康问题的风险最高。
