Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
Pharmacol Ther. 2021 Sep;225:107837. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107837. Epub 2021 Mar 19.
Vaping is the process of inhaling and exhaling an aerosol produced by an e-cigarette, vape pen, or personal aerosolizer. When the device contains nicotine, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lists the product as an electronic nicotine delivery system or ENDS device. Similar electronic devices can be used to vape cannabis extracts. Over the past decade, the vaping market has increased exponentially, raising health concerns over the number of people exposed and a nationwide outbreak of cases of severe, sometimes fatal, lung dysfunction that arose suddenly in otherwise healthy individuals. In this review, we discuss the various vaping technologies, which are remarkably diverse, and summarize the use prevalence in the U.S. over time by youths and adults. We examine the complex chemistry of vape carrier solvents, flavoring chemicals, and transformation products. We review the health effects from epidemiological and laboratory studies and, finally, discuss the proposed mechanisms underlying some of these health effects. We conclude that since much of the research in this area is recent and vaping technologies are dynamic, our understanding of the health effects is insufficient. With the rapid growth of ENDS use, consumers and regulatory bodies need a better understanding of constituent-dependent toxicity to guide product use and regulatory decisions.
吸电子烟是指通过电子烟、 vape 笔或个人气溶胶器吸入和呼出气溶胶的过程。当设备含有尼古丁时，美国食品和药物管理局 (FDA) 将该产品列为电子尼古丁输送系统或ENDS 装置。类似的电子设备可用于吸食大麻提取物。在过去的十年中，电子烟市场呈指数级增长，人们对接触该产品的人数以及在健康人群中突然出现的全国性严重甚至致命的肺部功能障碍病例数量感到担忧。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了各种电子烟技术，这些技术非常多样化，并总结了美国青少年和成年人随时间推移的使用流行率。我们研究了电子烟载液溶剂、调味化学品和转化产物的复杂化学性质。我们回顾了来自流行病学和实验室研究的健康影响，并最终讨论了一些健康影响背后的潜在机制。我们得出的结论是，由于该领域的大部分研究都是最近进行的，而且电子烟技术也在不断发展，因此我们对健康影响的了解还不够充分。随着 ENDS 使用的快速增长，消费者和监管机构需要更好地了解成分依赖性毒性，以指导产品使用和监管决策。
