Wanguyun Aken Puti, Oishi Wakana, Sano Daisuke
Department of Frontier Science for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2025 Jan 28;109(1):28. doi: 10.1007/s00253-025-13410-8.
RNA viruses have high genetic diversity, allowing rapid adaptation to environmental pressures, such as disinfection. This diversity increases the likelihood of mutations influencing the viral sensitivity to disinfectants. Ethanol is widely used to control viral transmission; however, insufficient disinfection facilitates the survival of less-sensitive viruses. Further, the underlying mechanisms of ethanol-induced changes in viral sensitivity remain unclear. Here, we assessed the genetic characteristics of ethanol-adapted murine norovirus (MNV) and associated changes in viral sensitivity. Experimental ethanol-facilitated MNV adaptation and subsequent genetic characteristic evaluation of the whole genome sequence was performed. MNV was exposed to 70% ethanol for 5 s to achieve ± 3-log inactivation. Twelve MNV populations were identified as "less sensitive," consisting of nine treated and three control populations. Less-sensitive MNV populations exhibited significantly higher synonymous nucleotide diversity (πS) in ORF1 (p = 0.001), which encodes the non-structural protein, than sensitive populations. Ethanol sensitivity and πS were negatively correlated in ORF1 (R = - 0.49, p = 0.003), indicating that high genetic diversity in ORF1 could be linked to reduced ethanol sensitivity. This study demonstrates an association between nucleotide diversity in specific coding regions of the MNV genome and ethanol sensitivity. These findings are vital for improving disinfection methods and anticipating emerging viruses that are more resistant to disinfectants. KEY POINTS: • Several MNV populations reduced sensitivity to ethanol. • Higher synonymous diversity in ORF1 linked to reduced ethanol sensitivity. • Synonymous mutations can influence viral adaptation to ethanol.
RNA病毒具有高度的遗传多样性，能够快速适应环境压力，如消毒。这种多样性增加了影响病毒对消毒剂敏感性的突变的可能性。乙醇被广泛用于控制病毒传播；然而，消毒不充分会使较不敏感的病毒存活下来。此外，乙醇诱导病毒敏感性变化的潜在机制仍不清楚。在这里，我们评估了适应乙醇的小鼠诺如病毒（MNV）的遗传特征以及病毒敏感性的相关变化。进行了实验性乙醇促进的MNV适应以及随后对全基因组序列的遗传特征评估。将MNV暴露于70%乙醇中5秒以实现±3对数级的灭活。鉴定出12个MNV群体为“较不敏感”，其中包括9个处理群体和3个对照群体。较不敏感的MNV群体在编码非结构蛋白的ORF1中表现出显著更高的同义核苷酸多样性（πS）（p = 0.001），高于敏感群体。在ORF1中，乙醇敏感性与πS呈负相关（R = -0.49，p = 0.003），表明ORF1中的高遗传多样性可能与乙醇敏感性降低有关。本研究证明了MNV基因组特定编码区域的核苷酸多样性与乙醇敏感性之间的关联。这些发现对于改进消毒方法和预测对消毒剂更具抗性的新兴病毒至关重要。要点：• 几个MNV群体对乙醇的敏感性降低。• ORF1中较高的同义多样性与乙醇敏感性降低有关。• 同义突变可影响病毒对乙醇的适应性。
