Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7624, USA.
J Food Prot. 2013 Jul;76(7):1210-7. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-532.
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the most common cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide and are a leading cause of foodborne disease. Their environmental persistence and purported resistance to disinfection undoubtedly contribute to their success as foodborne disease agents. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of three commonly used disinfectant active ingredients against representative HuNoV strains and cultivable surrogates. Ethanol (50, 70, and 90%), sodium hypochlorite (5, 75, 250, 500, and 1,000 ppm), and a quaternary ammonium compound blend (at 0.1×, 1.0×, and 10× concentrations) were evaluated against two norovirus (NoV) genogroup II strains (GII.2 and GII.4) and two surrogates (feline calicivirus [FCV] and murine norovirus [MNV-1]). Virucidal suspension assays (30-s exposure) were conducted in accordance with ASTM International standard E-1052. Virus inactivation was quantified using reverse transcription quantitative PCR targeting the ORFI-ORFII junction (HuNoV), the RNA polymerase region (MNV-1), or the ORFI region (FCV); infectivity assays were also performed for MNV-1 and FCV. The two HuNoV strains and FCV were relatively resistant to ethanol (<0.5 log inactivation) irrespective of concentration, but MNV-1 was much more susceptible (log inactivation, ∼2.0 log at higher ethanol concentrations). Both HuNoV strains were more resistant to hypochlorite than were either of the animal surrogates, with the human strains requiring ≥500 ppm of hypochlorite to achieve statistically significant reduction (≥3.0 log) in virus concentration. All four viruses were resistant to inactivation (<0.5-log reduction) using the quaternary ammonium compound formulation at all concentrations tested. This study is novel in that it clearly demonstrates the relative ineffectiveness of common active disinfectant ingredients against HuNoV and highlights the fact that the cultivable surrogates do not always mimic HuNoV strains.
人类诺如病毒（HuNoVs）是全世界急性病毒性胃肠炎的最常见病因，也是食源性疾病的主要原因。其在环境中的持久性和据称对消毒的抗性无疑促成了它们作为食源性疾病病原体的成功。本研究旨在比较三种常用消毒剂活性成分对代表性 HuNoV 株和可培养替代物的功效。评估了乙醇（50、70 和 90%）、次氯酸钠（5、75、250、500 和 1000ppm）和季铵化合物混合物（0.1×、1.0×和 10×浓度）对两种诺如病毒（NoV）基因 II 组（GII.2 和 GII.4）株和两种替代物（猫杯状病毒[FCV]和鼠诺如病毒[MNV-1]）的杀灭效果。根据 ASTM International 标准 E-1052 进行病毒杀病毒悬浮液试验（暴露 30 秒）。使用针对 ORFI-ORFII 连接（HuNoV）、RNA 聚合酶区域（MNV-1）或 ORFI 区域（FCV）的逆转录定量 PCR 定量病毒失活；还进行了 MNV-1 和 FCV 的感染性试验。两种 HuNoV 株和 FCV 相对抵抗乙醇（<0.5 对数失活），与浓度无关，但 MNV-1 更为敏感（对数失活，在较高乙醇浓度下为～2.0 对数）。两种 HuNoV 株均比动物替代物更能抵抗次氯酸盐，需要≥500ppm 的次氯酸钠才能使病毒浓度达到统计学显著降低（≥3.0 对数）。在所有测试浓度下，所有四种病毒对季铵化合物制剂的失活均具有抗性（<0.5 对数减少）。本研究的新颖之处在于它清楚地表明了常见的活性消毒剂成分对 HuNoV 的相对无效性，并强调了可培养替代物并不总是模拟 HuNoV 株这一事实。
