Demirel Göksun, Erol Öztürk Yeter, Yeter Oya, Aslıyüksek Hızır
Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey.
Department of Forensic Sciences, Institute of Addiction and Forensic Sciences, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey.
Forensic Toxicol. 2025 Jul;43(2):217-225. doi: 10.1007/s11419-025-00711-w. Epub 2025 Jan 30.
The analysis of drug residues on some currencies is well-established in the literature. However, there is no published study describing the presence of drug residues on Turkish paper currency.
This study focused on the analysis of 14 drug residues present on 600 Turkish banknotes collected from three different cities: Ankara, Adana, and Istanbul. The banknotes underwent preparation by a non-destructive and straightforward extraction method using methanol. To investigate the extent of contamination a method was subsequently developed and validated for liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry analysis to detect and quantify the target analytes. The investigated substances included benzoylecgonine, cocaine, heroin, codeine, morphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-AM), amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methamphetamine (MDMA), methyl 3,3-dimethyl-2-(1-(pent-4-en-1-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamido)butanoate (MDMB-4EN-PINACA), N-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-dimethylpropyl]-1-butyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (ADB-BUTINACA), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), pregabalin, ketamine, and tramadol.
The calculated mean concentrations per note were 475.5 ng cocaine, 660.7 ng methamphetamine, 220.4 ng benzoylecgonine, 36.5 ng ketamine, 46.0 ng amphetamine, 120.6 ng 6-AM, 22.9 ng morphine, 6.3 ng codeine, 107.4 ng THC, 1.3 ng MDMB-4en-PINACA, 1.1 ng ADB-BUTINACA and 65.9 ng MDMA. Our findings indicate that banknotes commonly circulated in the three cities were primarily contaminated with methamphetamine and cocaine.
This study highlights the prevalence of drug residues on banknotes and raises concerns about their potential impact. The contamination of Turkish currency with drug residues is a strong indication of the widespread use of banknotes in drug trafficking.
文献中已对一些货币上的药物残留分析进行了充分研究。然而，尚无已发表的研究描述土耳其纸币上药物残留的情况。
本研究着重分析从安卡拉、阿达纳和伊斯坦布尔这三个不同城市收集的600张土耳其纸币上存在的14种药物残留。这些纸币采用甲醇通过无损且简便的提取方法进行预处理。为了调查污染程度，随后开发并验证了一种用于液相色谱三重四极杆质谱分析的方法，以检测和定量目标分析物。所研究的物质包括苯甲酰芽子碱、可卡因、海洛因、可待因、吗啡、6-单乙酰吗啡（6-AM）、苯丙胺、甲基苯丙胺、3,4-亚甲基二氧基-N-甲基苯丙胺（摇头丸）、3,3-二甲基-2-(1-(戊-4-烯-1-基)-1H-吲唑-3-甲酰胺基)丁酸甲酯（MDMB-4EN-PINACA）、N-[1-(氨基羰基)-2,2-二甲基丙基]-1-丁基-1H-吲唑-3-甲酰胺（ADB-BUTINACA）、四氢大麻酚（THC）、普瑞巴林、氯胺酮和曲马多。
每张纸币计算得出的平均浓度分别为：可卡因475.5纳克、甲基苯丙胺660.7纳克、苯甲酰芽子碱220.4纳克、氯胺酮36.5纳克、苯丙胺46.0纳克、6-AM 120.6纳克、吗啡22.9纳克、可待因6.3纳克、THC 107.4纳克、MDMB-4en-PINACA 1.3纳克、ADB-BUTINACA 1.1纳克以及摇头丸65.9纳克。我们的研究结果表明，在这三个城市中普遍流通的纸币主要被甲基苯丙胺和可卡因污染。
本研究突出了纸币上药物残留的普遍性，并引发了对其潜在影响的担忧。土耳其货币被药物残留污染有力地表明纸币在毒品贩运中被广泛使用。
