Alsada Fatimah, Sebastian Tunny, Alzayer Zainab, Alabbas Hawraa, Alhaddad Narjis, Shahin Hawraa Abu, Alghamdi Atheer, Alhmly Haya F, Baassiri Malek J, Alkhalifa Bedour, Mutoro Antonina N, Alyahya Wesam A
Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O Box 1982, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Pediatrics, Al Moosa Specialist Hospital, P.O. Box 5098, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
BMC Public Health. 2025 Jan 30;25(1):388. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-21606-w.
The WHO sets evidence-based guidelines for infant feeding. Adhering to the WHO guidelines ensures that infants receive the proper nutrition and thus is associated with healthy growth and development.
To describe breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices (CFPs) for infants and young children and identify determinants of appropriate feeding practices.
This cross-sectional study was performed via structured interviews with mothers living in Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province who had children aged 6-24 months. To evaluate their adherence to the recommended WHO practices, a scoring method was applied (0-9).
395 mothers were interviewed. The rate of breastfeeding within the first hour, and exclusively breastfeeding for six months was both 25%. Multivariate analysis showed that exclusive breastfeeding for at least six months was less likely in middle-income mothers were less likely to exclusively breastfeed for six months than high-income mothers (OR = 0.32; 95% CI: 0.18-0.57; p < 0.001). Mothers without domestic help were also less likely to exclusively breastfeed (OR = 3.0; p < 0.001), as were those not living with their husbands (OR = 2.1; p = 0.007). Multiparous mothers and those with higher education were more likely to breastfeed than high school graduates (OR = 2.3, p = 0.02; OR = 4.4, p = 0.015, respectively). Timely breastfeeding initiation within the first hour was more common in term infants than preterm infants (OR = 5.3; p = 0.033), and infants born through normal delivery were four times more likely to initiate breastfeeding early (OR = 4.0; p < 0.001). For CFPs, 42% of participants introduced solid food at six months. 55% of mothers reported poor CFPs, primarily due to inappropriate timing of solid food introduction, choking hazards, and delayed introduction of family meals. Good CFPs were positively associated with higher maternal education, increased income, and living with a husband.
Partial compliance with WHO CFP standards need improvement. Interventions should raise awareness of factors leading to poor compliance and support early breastfeeding initiation and continuation. Low-income and less educated families appear to be most in need of support.
世界卫生组织制定了基于证据的婴儿喂养指南。遵循世界卫生组织的指南可确保婴儿获得适当的营养，从而促进其健康成长和发育。
描述婴幼儿的母乳喂养和辅食喂养做法（CFP），并确定适当喂养做法的决定因素。
这项横断面研究通过对沙特阿拉伯东部省份有6至24个月大孩子的母亲进行结构化访谈来进行。为评估她们对世界卫生组织推荐做法的遵循情况，采用了一种评分方法（0至9分）。
对395名母亲进行了访谈。产后一小时内进行母乳喂养以及纯母乳喂养六个月的比例均为25%。多因素分析显示，中等收入母亲纯母乳喂养至少六个月的可能性低于高收入母亲（比值比[OR]=0.32；95%置信区间[CI]：0.18至0.57；p<0.001）。没有家政帮助的母亲纯母乳喂养的可能性也较低（OR=3.0；p<0.001），与丈夫不住在一起的母亲也是如此（OR=2.1；p=0.007）。经产妇和受过高等教育的母亲比高中毕业生更有可能进行母乳喂养（分别为OR=2.3，p=0.02；OR=4.4，p=0.015）。足月儿在产后一小时内及时开始母乳喂养比早产儿更常见（OR=5.3；p=0.033），顺产出生的婴儿早期开始母乳喂养的可能性是剖宫产出生婴儿的四倍（OR=4.0；p<0.001）。对于辅食喂养做法，42%的参与者在六个月时开始添加固体食物。55%的母亲报告辅食喂养做法不佳，主要原因是固体食物引入时间不当、存在窒息风险以及家庭餐引入延迟。良好的辅食喂养做法与母亲受教育程度较高、收入增加以及与丈夫同住呈正相关。
对世界卫生组织辅食喂养做法标准的部分遵循情况有待改善。应开展干预措施，提高对导致遵循情况不佳的因素的认识，并支持早期开始和持续母乳喂养。低收入和受教育程度较低的家庭似乎最需要支持。
