Kay Melissa C, Anater Andrea, Guthrie Joanne, Hampton Joel, Story Mary
Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
Nutr Res. 2025 Mar;135:1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2024.12.007. Epub 2025 Jan 7.
Consumption of whole grains confers multiple benefits and is an important source of fiber; as such, federal programs have updated policies to support increased whole grain consumption. Limited literature is available on consumption among young children and before and after nutrition policy changes. We assessed whole grain and fiber consumption among children aged 12 to 47.9 months participating in the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study 2008 (n = 2385) and 2016 (n = 1733) to address this information gap. The percent consuming whole grains was determined using predicted marginals and compared between years using t-tests from weighted logistic regression. For children consuming whole grains, the Usual Intake method was used to estimate mean grams of whole grains and fiber intake from whole grains. Models were adjusted for child age, sex, race and ethnicity, and total energy intake, and household poverty level, caregiver education, marital status, ever breastfed, and Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children status. A higher percentage of children consumed whole grain foods in 2016 compared to 2008 (74.4%, standard error [SE] 0.02 vs. 65.2%, SE 0.02; P = .0001) and they ate a greater amount of whole grains (23.4 g, SE 0.32 vs. 19.1 g, SE 0.23, P < .0001). Children in 2016 consumed 30.8% more fiber from whole grains compared to children from 2008 (P < .0001). Grams of whole grains consumed from sweet bakery items and cereal/nutrition bars (P = .0003) and baby food cereal (P = .0123) were significantly higher in 2016 compared to 2008. Whole grain consumption among young children aged 12 to 47.9 months was higher in 2016 compared to 2008, providing more dietary fiber. Despite promising changes between 2008 and 2016, many young children in 2016 were still falling short of meeting whole grain recommendations.
食用全谷物有诸多益处，且是膳食纤维的重要来源；因此，联邦计划已更新政策以支持增加全谷物的摄入量。关于幼儿以及营养政策变化前后的全谷物摄入量的文献有限。我们评估了参与2008年（n = 2385）和2016年（n = 1733）婴幼儿喂养研究的12至47.9个月儿童的全谷物和膳食纤维摄入量，以填补这一信息空白。食用全谷物的百分比通过预测边际值确定，并使用加权逻辑回归的t检验对不同年份进行比较。对于食用全谷物的儿童，采用常规摄入量方法来估计全谷物的平均克数以及来自全谷物的膳食纤维摄入量。模型根据儿童年龄、性别、种族和民族、总能量摄入量、家庭贫困水平、照料者教育程度、婚姻状况、是否曾母乳喂养以及妇女、婴儿和儿童特别补充营养计划状况进行了调整。与2008年相比，2016年食用全谷物食品的儿童比例更高（74.4%，标准误[SE] 0.02 vs. 65.2%，SE 0.02；P = 0.0001），且他们食用的全谷物量更多（23.4克，SE 0.32 vs. 19.1克，SE 0.23，P < 0.0001）。与2008年的儿童相比，2016年的儿童从全谷物中摄入的膳食纤维多30.8%（P < 0.0001）。2016年，从甜烘焙食品和谷物/营养棒（P = 0.0003）以及婴儿食品谷物（P = 0.0123）中摄入的全谷物克数显著高于2008年。与2008年相比，2016年12至47.9个月幼儿的全谷物摄入量更高，提供了更多膳食纤维。尽管2008年至2016年有积极变化，但2016年仍有许多幼儿未达到全谷物的推荐摄入量。
