Hajishengallis George, Netea Mihai G, Chavakis Triantafyllos
Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Penn Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Nat Rev Immunol. 2025 Jan 31. doi: 10.1038/s41577-025-01132-x.
A decade after the term 'trained immunity' (TRIM) was coined to reflect the long-lasting hyper-responsiveness of innate immune cells with an epigenetically imprinted 'memory' of earlier stimuli, our understanding has broadened to include the potential implications of TRIM in health and disease. Here, after summarizing the well-documented beneficial effects of TRIM against infections, we discuss emerging evidence that TRIM is also a major underlying mechanism in chronic inflammation-related disorders such as periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, mounting evidence indicates that the induction of TRIM by certain agonists confers protective antitumour responses. Although the mechanisms underlying TRIM require further study, the current knowledge enables the experimental development of innovative therapeutic approaches to stimulate or inhibit TRIM in a context-appropriate manner, such as the stimulation of TRIM in cancer or its inhibition in inflammatory disorders.
“训练有素的免疫”（TRIM）这一术语被创造出来，用以反映先天性免疫细胞具有持久的高反应性，且对早期刺激有表观遗传印记的“记忆”。十年后，我们的理解已得到拓展，将TRIM在健康和疾病中的潜在影响也涵盖在内。在此，在总结了TRIM对感染具有充分记录的有益作用之后，我们讨论新出现的证据，即TRIM也是慢性炎症相关疾病（如牙周炎、类风湿性关节炎和心血管疾病）的一个主要潜在机制。此外，越来越多的证据表明，某些激动剂诱导TRIM可产生保护性抗肿瘤反应。尽管TRIM背后的机制需要进一步研究，但目前的知识使得能够实验性地开发创新治疗方法，以在适合的背景下刺激或抑制TRIM，例如在癌症中刺激TRIM或在炎症性疾病中抑制TRIM。
