Svigruha Réka, Fodor István, Németh Zoltán, Farkas Anna, Pirger Zsolt, Ács András
Ecophysiological and Environmental Toxicological Research Group, HUN-REN Balaton Limnological Research Institute, 8237, Tihany, Hungary.
National Laboratory for Water Science and Water Security, HUN-REN Balaton Limnological Research Institute, 8237, Tihany, Hungary.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2025 Feb;32(8):4841-4855. doi: 10.1007/s11356-025-36008-z. Epub 2025 Feb 1.
There is an ongoing debate regarding the role of microplastics (MPs) in enhancing the effects of various chemical compounds, highlighting the need for more detailed analyses. In this study, neonates of the water flea (Daphnia magna) were exposed to polystyrene MPs (PS-MPs; 3 µm; exposure concentration, 1.25 mg/L), a mixture of seven organic UV-filters (avobenzone, ethylhexyl triazone, homosalate, iscotrizinol, octinoxate, octisalate, and octocrylene; each at a low environmental concentration of 200 ng/L), or the combination of both pollutants for 3, 7, or 21 days. Results showed that PS-MPs alone decreased the body size of daphnids, while all treatments increased heart rate by the end of the 21-day exposure. On days 3 and 21, both PS-MPs and PS-MPs + UV-filters reduced swimming speed and total distance travelled. Additionally, PS-MPs increased the time of the first egg production, but decreased the egg number in the first production, total egg number, maximum egg number, and total neonate number during the 21-day treatment. Similarly, UV-filters or the combined pollutants increased the time of the first egg production and decreased the total neonate number. All treatments increased multixenobiotic resistance activity on days 3 and 7, while only UV-filters elevated CYP450 activity on day 3. PS-MPs or combined pollutants increased GST activity during early exposure but showed no effect on day 21. CAT activity was also affected by treatments in a time-dependent manner. These findings demonstrate that chronic exposure to PS-MPs and UV-filters, applied individually or in combination at a low environmental concentration, moderately impacts development, heart rate, and swimming activity in D. magna, while significantly altering reproduction and key cellular functions such as membrane transport activity, metabolism, and antioxidant defense. Co-exposure did not reveal a clear pattern of synergism or antagonism, suggesting that joint toxicity risks of these xenobiotics typically emerge at concentrations higher than low environmental levels. Future studies should explore potential interactions more thoroughly and assess transgenerational effects on reproduction and cellular defense pathways.
关于微塑料（MPs）在增强各种化合物效应方面的作用，目前仍存在争议，这凸显了进行更详细分析的必要性。在本研究中，水蚤（大型溞）的幼体暴露于聚苯乙烯微塑料（PS - MPs；3微米；暴露浓度为1.25毫克/升）、七种有机紫外线过滤剂的混合物（阿伏苯宗、乙基己基三嗪酮、胡莫柳酯、异壬基三嗪酮、桂皮酸盐、水杨酸辛酯和奥克立林；每种在环境低浓度200纳克/升）或两种污染物的组合中，暴露3、7或21天。结果表明，单独的PS - MPs会减小溞类的体型，而在21天暴露结束时，所有处理都会提高心率。在第3天和第21天，PS - MPs以及PS - MPs + 紫外线过滤剂都会降低游泳速度和总游动距离。此外，PS - MPs会增加首次产卵时间，但在21天处理期间会减少首次产卵的卵数、总卵数、最大卵数和幼体总数。同样，紫外线过滤剂或混合污染物会增加首次产卵时间并减少幼体总数。所有处理在第3天和第7天都会增加多异生物质抗性活性，而仅紫外线过滤剂在第3天会提高细胞色素P450活性。PS - MPs或混合污染物在早期暴露期间会增加谷胱甘肽 - S - 转移酶（GST）活性，但在第21天没有影响。过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性也受到处理的时间依赖性影响。这些发现表明，在环境低浓度下单独或联合暴露于PS - MPs和紫外线过滤剂，会适度影响大型溞的发育、心率和游泳活动，同时显著改变繁殖以及关键细胞功能，如膜转运活性、代谢和抗氧化防御。共同暴露未显示出明显的协同或拮抗模式，这表明这些外源性物质的联合毒性风险通常在高于环境低水平的浓度下才会出现。未来的研究应更全面地探索潜在相互作用，并评估对繁殖和细胞防御途径的跨代影响。
