Mapping cell-cell fusion at single-cell resolution.

Cell-cell fusion is a tightly controlled process in the human body known to be involved in fertilization, placental development, muscle growth, bone remodeling, and viral response. Fusion between cancer cells results first in a whole-genome doubled state, which may be followed by the generation of aneuploidies; these genomic alterations are known drivers of tumor evolution. The role of cell-cell fusion in cancer progression and treatment response has been understudied due to limited experimental systems for tracking and analyzing individual fusion events. To meet this need, we developed a molecular toolkit to map the origins and outcomes of individual cell fusion events within a tumor cell population. This platform, ClonMapper Duo ('CMDuo'), identifies cells that have undergone cell-cell fusion through a combination of reporter expression and engineered fluorescence-associated index sequences paired to randomly generated nucleotide barcodes. scRNA-seq of the indexed barcodes enables the mapping of each set of parental cells and fusion progeny throughout the cell population. In triple-negative breast cancer cells CMDuo uncovered subclonal transcriptomic hybridization and unveiled distinct cell-states which arise in direct consequence of homotypic cell-cell fusion. CMDuo is a platform that enables mapping of cell-cell fusion events in high-throughput single cell data and enables the study of cell fusion in disease progression and therapeutic response.