Panagakis Panagiotis, Zygogiannis Konstantinos, Fanourgiakis Ilias, Kalatzis Dimitrios, Stathopoulos Konstantinos
3rd Orthopedic Department, KAT General Hospital, Athens, GRC.
Scoliosis and Spine Department, KAT General Hospital, Athens, GRC.
Cureus. 2025 Jan 1;17(1):e76774. doi: 10.7759/cureus.76774. eCollection 2025 Jan.
Bone formation is a complex process involving the coordinated activity of many different cell types, including osteoblasts and osteocytes. The periosteum is a dense membrane of connective tissue that covers the outer surface of bones and is essential for the growth, repair, and maintenance of osseous tissue. The present study aims to summarize the contribution of the periosteum in bone formation from adolescence to adulthood and old age. This is a narrative literature review using the PubMed electronic internet database. The search was based on the keyword "periosteal bone formation". Inclusion criteria were preclinical or clinical studies evaluating the role of the periosteum in bone formation. Non-English studies were excluded. The original search provided 126 published papers. After inclusion and exclusion criteria, we finally accepted 20 articles for our current review. After checking the references list of the included studies, 14 more studies were added, leaving 34 studies for the present review. Across the lifespan, periosteal bone formation undergoes dynamic changes. During adolescence, the periosteum is highly osteogenic and actively contributes to rapid bone growth. In adulthood, it plays a role in maintaining bone strength and adapting to mechanical loading. In adulthood, the periosteum continues to provide a source of osteoprogenitor cells, which contribute to the ongoing process of bone remodeling and repair. At more advanced ages, the response of the periosteum to hormones and cytokines in terms of bone formation decreases; however, the power of osteogenetic differentiation of periosteal cells may be preserved.
骨形成是一个复杂的过程，涉及许多不同细胞类型的协同活动，包括成骨细胞和骨细胞。骨膜是一层致密的结缔组织膜，覆盖在骨骼的外表面，对骨组织的生长、修复和维持至关重要。本研究旨在总结骨膜在从青春期到成年及老年的骨形成过程中的作用。这是一篇使用PubMed电子互联网数据库的叙述性文献综述。搜索基于关键词“骨膜骨形成”。纳入标准为评估骨膜在骨形成中作用的临床前或临床研究。非英文研究被排除。最初的搜索提供了126篇已发表的论文。经过纳入和排除标准筛选后，我们最终接受了20篇文章用于当前综述。在检查纳入研究的参考文献列表后，又增加了14项研究，最终本综述共纳入34项研究。在整个生命周期中，骨膜骨形成经历动态变化。在青春期，骨膜具有高度成骨性，积极促进骨骼快速生长。在成年期，它在维持骨强度和适应机械负荷方面发挥作用。在成年期，骨膜继续提供骨祖细胞来源，这些细胞有助于持续的骨重塑和修复过程。在更年长的年龄段，骨膜对激素和细胞因子在骨形成方面的反应降低；然而，骨膜细胞的成骨分化能力可能得以保留。
