Justi Luiz Henrique Zaniolo, Silva Juliana Ferreira, Santana Manuela Santos, Laureano Henrique Aparecido, Pereira Meire Ellen, Oliveira Cláudia Sirlene, Guiloski Izonete Cristina
Instituto de Pesquisas Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
Toxicol Rep. 2025 Jan 13;14:101910. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101910. eCollection 2025 Jun.
Drug residues have been detected in aquatic environments around the world and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most used classes. Therefore, it is important to verify the physiological effects of these products on exposed non-target organisms such as fish. Through a meta-analytic review, we evaluated the effects of NSAIDs on oxidative stress biomarkers in fish. Overall, Diclofenac was the most frequently tested drug in the systematically selected studies while acute and hydric exposure types were the most prevalent among these studies. The meta-analysis revealed that (1) chronic and subchronic exposures to NSAIDs decreased catalase (CAT) activity, and acute exposure increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity; (2) hydric exposure increased GPx activity; (3) exposure to low concentrations of NSAIDs increased GPx and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity; (4) Paracetamol exposure increased GPx and SOD activity and lipid peroxidation levels, but reduced glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity; (5) Diclofenac exposure increased GPx activity. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that fish are sensitive to NSAIDs exposure presenting significant alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers, especially in the GPx enzyme. This enzyme exhibits strong potential as a biomarker of NSAIDs exposure in fish. Paracetamol stood out as the NSAID that altered the largest number of oxidative stress biomarkers, drawing attention to its risk to fish. In contrast, ibuprofen did not change the biomarkers evaluated. These data demonstrate the important impact of emerging contaminants such as NSAIDs on aquatic organisms and the need for strategies to mitigate these effects.
世界各地的水生环境中都检测到了药物残留，非甾体抗炎药（NSAIDs）是使用最为广泛的药物类别之一。因此，验证这些产品对鱼类等非目标生物的生理影响非常重要。通过一项荟萃分析综述，我们评估了NSAIDs对鱼类氧化应激生物标志物的影响。总体而言，双氯芬酸是系统选定研究中测试最频繁的药物，而急性和水暴露类型在这些研究中最为普遍。荟萃分析表明：（1）长期和亚慢性暴露于NSAIDs会降低过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性，急性暴露会增加谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）活性；（2）水暴露会增加GPx活性；（3）暴露于低浓度的NSAIDs会增加GPx和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性；（4）对乙酰氨基酚暴露会增加GPx和SOD活性以及脂质过氧化水平，但会降低谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GST）活性；（5）双氯芬酸暴露会增加GPx活性。总之，我们的结果表明鱼类对NSAIDs暴露敏感，氧化应激生物标志物出现显著变化，尤其是在GPx酶方面。这种酶作为鱼类NSAIDs暴露生物标志物具有很大潜力。对乙酰氨基酚作为改变氧化应激生物标志物数量最多的NSAIDs脱颖而出，其对鱼类的风险值得关注。相比之下，布洛芬并未改变所评估的生物标志物。这些数据证明了NSAIDs等新兴污染物对水生生物的重要影响以及减轻这些影响的策略的必要性。
