Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Box 19031, 81530-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Box 19031, 81530-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19031, 81530-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2019 Oct 30;182:109438. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109438. Epub 2019 Jul 13.
The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are amongst the most commonly detected classes of pharmaceuticals in freshwater environments, with paracetamol being the most abundant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible toxic effects of environmentally relevant concentrations (0.25, 2.5 and 25 μg.L) of paracetamol in Rhamdia quelen fish exposed for 14 days using different biomarkers. The total count of leukocytes and thrombocytes was reduced at the highest concentration. In the gills, all concentrations of paracetamol reduced the glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and the reduced glutathione (GSH) levels compared to the control group. The activity of catalase (CAT) was not altered and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity increased at the highest concentrations. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased at 25 μg.L and the LPO levels increased at 2.5 μg.L when compared to the control group. The concentration of ROS was not different among the groups. In the posterior kidney the activities of GST (2.5 μg.L), CAT (2.5 μg.L and at 25 μg. L) and GPx and GSH levels increased at all concentrations when compared to the control group. The SOD activity and LPO levels did not change. Paracetamol caused genotoxicity in the blood and gills at concentrations of 2.5 μg.L and in the posterior kidney at 2.5 and 25 μg.L. An osmoregulatory imbalance in plasma ions and a reduction in the carbonic anhydrase activity in the gills at 0.25 μg.L were observed. Histopathological alterations occurred in the gills of fish exposed to 25 μg.L and in the posterior kidney at 0.25 and 25 μg.L of paracetamol. The integrated biomarker index showed that the stress caused by the concentration of 25 μg.L was the highest one. These results demonstrated toxic effects of paracetamol on the gills and posterior kidneys of fish, compromising their physiological functions and evidencing the need for monitoring the residues of pharmaceuticals released into aquatic environment.
非甾体抗炎药（NSAIDs）是在淡水环境中最常检测到的一类药物，其中对乙酰氨基酚的含量最丰富。本研究的目的是评估环境相关浓度（0.25、2.5 和 25μg.L）的对乙酰氨基酚对 14 天暴露的虹鳟鱼可能产生的毒性影响，使用不同的生物标志物进行评估。在最高浓度下，白细胞和血小板的总数减少。在鳃中，与对照组相比，所有浓度的对乙酰氨基酚均降低了谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶（GST）的活性和还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）的水平。过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性没有改变，而过氧化物酶（GPx）的活性在最高浓度下增加。超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性在 25μg.L 时降低，丙二醛（LPO）的水平在 2.5μg.L 时升高，与对照组相比。ROS 的浓度在各组之间没有差异。在后肾中，与对照组相比，GST（2.5μg.L）、CAT（2.5μg.L 和 25μg.L）和 GPx 的活性以及 GSH 的水平在所有浓度下均增加。SOD 的活性和 LPO 的水平没有变化。在 2.5μg.L 的浓度下，对乙酰氨基酚在血液和鳃中引起遗传毒性，在后肾中在 2.5 和 25μg.L 时引起遗传毒性。在 0.25μg.L 时观察到血浆离子的渗透压失衡和鳃中碳酸酐酶活性的降低。在暴露于 25μg.L 的对乙酰氨基酚的鱼的鳃中和在 0.25 和 25μg.L 的对乙酰氨基酚的后肾中发生组织病理学改变。综合生物标志物指数表明，浓度为 25μg.L 引起的应激是最高的。这些结果表明对乙酰氨基酚对鱼的鳃和后肾有毒性作用，损害其生理功能，并表明需要监测释放到水环境中的药物残留。
