Leal-Duaso Alejandro, Salvatella Luis, Fraile José M
Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Calle Pedro Cerbuna 12, E-50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Calle Pedro Cerbuna 12, E-50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
J Environ Manage. 2025 Feb;375:124262. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124262. Epub 2025 Feb 3.
The production of the former insecticide lindane (γ-HCH) resulted in the generation of vast quantities of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH) residues, creating one of the most significant environmental challenges related to persistent organic pollutants in the world. This contamination is present today in different scenarios, including stockpiles and highly concentrated mixed waste, contaminated surface soils, subsoil, and waters. In particular, Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs) represent challenging subsurface and groundwater contamination. This review provides a comprehensive and critical overview of the physical-chemical methodologies and remediation projects reported in the literature for addressing lindane contamination through separation, transformation, disposal, and valorization approaches. The available physicochemical techniques include dehydrochlorination, oxidation, reduction, substitution, isomerization, as well as electrochemical, photochemical, sonochemical, plasma, and other high energy treatments. Key aspects, such as advantages and limitations, remediation effectiveness, technological maturity, scalability, estimated costs, and applicability to different contamination scenarios are thoroughly analyzed for each method. The review culminates in a detailed comparison of these methodologies for various contamination contexts, providing valuable insights for the identification of optimal solutions to this global environmental challenge. In addition, the review assesses, for the first time, the potential for valorization of the products formed during HCH treatment or remediation. This aspect highlights the opportunity to transform HCH residues into higher value-added chemicals, thereby enhancing the circular economy of the remediation process. Finally, the integration of physicochemical methods with separation and biological tools offers a holistic perspective that underscores the importance of comprehensive strategies for addressing HCH contamination effectively and sustainably.
以前生产杀虫剂林丹（γ-六氯环己烷）产生了大量六氯环己烷（HCH）残留物，这成为全球与持久性有机污染物相关的最重大环境挑战之一。如今，这种污染存在于不同场景中，包括库存和高浓度混合废物、受污染的表层土壤、下层土壤和水体。特别是，致密非水相液体（DNAPLs）构成了具有挑战性的地下和地下水污染。本综述全面且批判性地概述了文献中报道的通过分离、转化、处置和增值方法解决林丹污染的物理化学方法和修复项目。可用的物理化学技术包括脱氯化氢、氧化、还原、取代、异构化，以及电化学、光化学、声化学、等离子体和其他高能处理。针对每种方法，对其优点和局限性、修复效果、技术成熟度、可扩展性、估计成本以及对不同污染场景的适用性等关键方面进行了深入分析。综述最后详细比较了这些方法在各种污染情况下的应用，为确定应对这一全球环境挑战的最佳解决方案提供了有价值的见解。此外，本综述首次评估了六氯环己烷处理或修复过程中形成的产物的增值潜力。这一方面凸显了将六氯环己烷残留物转化为高附加值化学品的机会，从而增强修复过程的循环经济。最后，物理化学方法与分离和生物工具的整合提供了一个整体视角，强调了有效且可持续地应对六氯环己烷污染的综合策略的重要性。
