International HCH & Pesticides Association (IHPA), Elmevej 14, Holte, Denmark.
International HCH & Pesticides Association (IHPA), the Netherlands.
Environ Pollut. 2019 May;248:696-705. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.029. Epub 2019 Feb 27.
During the last 70 years 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) has been one of the most extensively used pesticides. Only the gamma-isomer has insecticidal properties. For the marketing of gamma-HCH (lindane) the other 85% HCH isomers which are formed as by-products during HCH production had to be separated and became finally hazardous waste. For each tonne of lindane 8-12 tonnes of waste HCH isomers were produced and production of the approximately 600,000 t of lindane has therefore generated 4.8 to 7.2 million tonnes of HCH/POPs waste. These waste isomers were mostly buried in uncontrolled dumps at many sites around the world. The stockpiles and the large contaminated sites can be categorized as "mega-sites". Countries with HCH legacy problems include Albania, Argentina, Austria, Azerbaijan, Brazil, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Macedonia, Nigeria, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, The Netherlands, UK, Ukraine and the USA. As lindane and alpha- and beta-HCH have been listed as POPs in the Stockholm Convention since August 2010, the problem of stockpiles of HCH waste is now documented and globally acknowledged. This article describes briefly the legacy of HCH and lindane that has been created. Three of the mega-sites are being discussed and demonstrate the increase in pollution footprint over time. Recent developments in the EU (including the Sabinanigo project in Aragon/Spain) and on a global level are presented. A short overview is given on lack of activities and on actions of countries within their obligations as Parties of the Stockholm Convention. Furthermore, current country activities supported by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the "financing mechanism" of the convention, are listed. Finally, conclusions and recommendations are formulated that will contribute to the solution of this problem over the next 25 years.
在过去的 70 年里，1,2,3,4,5,6-六氯环己烷（HCH）一直是使用最广泛的农药之一。只有γ-异构体具有杀虫特性。为了销售γ-HCH（林丹），在 HCH 生产过程中作为副产品形成的其他 85%的 HCH 异构体必须分离出来，最终成为危险废物。每生产 1 吨林丹，就会产生 8-12 吨废物 HCH 异构体，因此，生产约 60 万吨林丹已产生 480 万至 720 万吨 HCH/持久性有机污染物废物。这些废物异构体大多被埋在世界各地许多地点的无管制垃圾场中。这些储存库和受污染的大型场地可被归类为“特大型场地”。存在 HCH 遗留问题的国家包括阿尔巴尼亚、阿根廷、奥地利、阿塞拜疆、巴西、中国、克罗地亚、捷克共和国、法国、德国、匈牙利、印度、意大利、日本、马其顿、尼日利亚、波兰、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯、斯洛伐克、南非、西班牙、瑞士、土耳其、荷兰、英国、乌克兰和美国。自 2010 年 8 月《斯德哥尔摩公约》将林丹和α-和β-HCH 列为持久性有机污染物以来，HCH 废物储存问题现在已被记录在案，并得到全球认可。本文简要描述了 HCH 和林丹造成的遗留问题。正在讨论其中三个特大型场地，并展示了随着时间的推移污染足迹的增加。介绍了欧盟（包括西班牙阿拉贡的萨比纳尼戈项目）和全球的最新发展情况。简要概述了各国在履行《斯德哥尔摩公约》缔约方义务方面缺乏活动的情况以及采取的行动。此外，还列出了由全球环境基金（GEF）支持的目前各国活动，该基金是《公约》的“供资机制”。最后，提出了一些结论和建议，将有助于在未来 25 年内解决这一问题。
