Designing a broad-spectrum multi-epitope subunit vaccine against leptospirosis using immunoinformatics and structural approaches.

INTRODUCTION

Leptospirosis, caused by , is a neglected zoonotic disease that poses a significant global health risk to both humans and animals. The rise of antimicrobial resistance and the inefficacy of existing vaccines highlight the urgent need for new preventive strategies.

METHODS

An immunoinformatics approach was employed to design a multi-epitope subunit vaccine (MESV) against leptospirosis. B-cell, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), and helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes were selected from five key proteins. These epitopes were fused with a heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) adjuvant and appropriate linkers to construct the broad-spectrum vaccine. The physicochemical properties of the vaccine were assessed, including antigenicity, immunogenicity, allergenicity, and conservation. The vaccine's 3D structure was modeled, optimized, and validated. Molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and MM-GBSA analysis were performed to assess the vaccine's binding interactions with Toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4). Immune simulations and cloning were also conducted to evaluate the vaccine's immune response and expression potential.

RESULTS

The MESV demonstrated high antigenicity, immunogenicity, non-allergenicity, and conservation across different strains. Population coverage analysis revealed that T-cell epitopes significantly interacted with HLA molecules, covering 95.7% of the global population. Molecular docking showed strong and stable binding with TLR2 and TLR4, with binding energies of -1,357.1 kJ/mol and -1,163.7 kJ/mol, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulations and MM-GBSA analysis confirmed the stability of these interactions and accurately calculated the intermolecular binding free energies. Immune simulations indicated robust B and T cell responses, and cloning demonstrated that the vaccine could be successfully expressed in .

DISCUSSION

These findings suggest that MESV is a promising candidate for leptospirosis prevention, providing robust immune responses and broad population coverage. However, further studies are necessary to validate its efficacy and safety.