Vigezzi Giacomo Pietro, Bertuccio Paola, Bonaccio Marialaura, Palandri Lucia, Di Castelnuovo Augusto, Righi Elena, Iacoviello Licia, Rondanelli Mariangela, Vinceti Marco, Odone Anna
Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
Research Unit of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli, Italy.
J Nutr Health Aging. 2025 Apr;29(4):100503. doi: 10.1016/j.jnha.2025.100503. Epub 2025 Feb 13.
It has been suggested that major life course transitions, such as retirement, can greatly impact lifestyles. However, the evidence is scant and inconclusive, especially with reference to the effects on dietary habits. We investigated the long-term effects of retirement on the frequency of food consumption using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE).
We used data from a SHARE-based cohort, including European individuals from 28 countries aged 50 and older who were employed at baseline and retired during follow-up time (2004-2020).
Dietary habits were assessed through self-reported frequencies of consumption for fruit and vegetables, dairy products, meat and fish, legumes and eggs. A dietary score (dichotomised as ≥5 or <5) was also estimated. Generalised estimating equation models calculated relative risks (RR) of daily (for fruit, vegetables and dairy products) and 3-6 times per week (for meat, fish, legumes and eggs) consumptions before and after retirement, adjusting for selected variables.
The cohort included 8,998 individuals with a mean follow-up time of 9 years. Baseline daily consumption frequencies were 73.7% for fruit and vegetables and 65.9% for dairy products, while 3-6 times per week frequencies were 39.8% for meat and fish and 26.1% for legumes and eggs. An increase in 3-6 times a week consumption of meat and fish (RR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01-1.13) and legumes and eggs (RR 1.09, 95% CI 1.01-1.17) was observed 10 or more years post-retirement. Daily consumption of fruit and vegetables, and dairy products remained stable. The RR of a dietary score ≥5 post-retirement was 1.11 (95% CI 1.06-1.16, 10 or more years after).
Retirement positively appears to influence overall dietary habits, particularly by improving the consumption frequency of protein-rich foods, while the stability in fruit, vegetables, and dairy consumption suggests that well-established habits persist despite life transitions.
有人提出，人生中的重大转变，如退休，会对生活方式产生重大影响。然而，证据不足且尚无定论，尤其是在对饮食习惯的影响方面。我们利用欧洲健康、老龄化和退休调查（SHARE）的数据，研究了退休对食物消费频率的长期影响。
我们使用了基于SHARE的队列数据，包括来自28个国家的50岁及以上的欧洲人，他们在基线时就业，并在随访期间（2004 - 2020年）退休。
通过自我报告的水果、蔬菜、乳制品、肉类和鱼类、豆类和蛋类的消费频率来评估饮食习惯。还估算了饮食得分（分为≥5或<5）。广义估计方程模型计算退休前后每日（针对水果、蔬菜和乳制品）以及每周3 - 6次（针对肉类、鱼类、豆类和蛋类）消费的相对风险（RR），并对选定变量进行了调整。
该队列包括8998人，平均随访时间为9年。基线时水果和蔬菜的每日消费频率为73.7%，乳制品为65.9%，而每周3 - 6次的频率中，肉类和鱼类为39.8%，豆类和蛋类为26.1%。退休10年或更长时间后，观察到肉类和鱼类（RR 1.07，95% CI 1.01 - 1.13）以及豆类和蛋类（RR 1.09，95% CI 1.01 - 1.17）每周3 - 6次的消费量有所增加。水果、蔬菜和乳制品的每日消费量保持稳定。退休后饮食得分≥5的RR为1.11（95% CI 1.06 - 1.16，10年或更长时间后）。
退休似乎对整体饮食习惯有积极影响，特别是通过提高富含蛋白质食物的消费频率，而水果、蔬菜和乳制品消费的稳定性表明，尽管生活发生转变，既定的饮食习惯依然持续。
