Liu Xin, Zhang Minghu, Zhao Xin, Shen Mang, Feng Ruizhang, Wei Qin
Sichuan Oil Cinnamon Engineering Technology Research Center, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan, China.
Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan, China.
Sci Rep. 2025 Feb 17;15(1):5711. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-89119-5.
Annexins (Anns) are a family of evolutionarily conserved, calcium-dependent, phospholipid-binding proteins that play critical roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Utilizing the pan-genome of 26 high-quality maize genomes, we identified 12 Ann genes, comprising 9 core genes (present in all 26 lines) and 3 near-core genes (present in 24-25 lines). This highlights the limitations of studying ZmAnn genes based on a single reference genome. Evaluating the Ka/Ks values of Ann genes in 26 varieties revealed that ZmAnn10 was under positive selection in certain varieties, while the remaining genes had Ka/Ks values less than 1, indicating purifying selection. Phylogenetic analysis divided ZmAnn proteins into six groups, with group VI containing only ZmAnn12. Structural variation in certain varieties altered the conserved domains, generating many atypical genes. Transcriptome analysis showed that different Ann members have distinct expression patterns in various tissues and under different abiotic and biotic stress treatments. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis of transcriptome data from various maize tissues under cold stress identified four Ann genes (ZmAnn2, ZmAnn6, ZmAnn7, ZmAnn9) involved in co-expression modules. Overall, this study utilized high-quality maize pangenomes to perform a bioinformatic analysis of ZmAnn genes, providing a foundation for further research on ZmAnn genes.
膜联蛋白（Anns）是一类在进化上保守的、钙依赖性的磷脂结合蛋白家族，在植物生长、发育和应激反应中发挥关键作用。利用26个高质量玉米基因组的泛基因组，我们鉴定出12个膜联蛋白基因，包括9个核心基因（存在于所有26个品系中）和3个近核心基因（存在于24 - 25个品系中）。这突出了基于单一参考基因组研究ZmAnn基因的局限性。评估26个品种中膜联蛋白基因的Ka/Ks值发现，ZmAnn10在某些品种中受到正选择，而其余基因的Ka/Ks值小于1，表明是纯化选择。系统发育分析将ZmAnn蛋白分为六组，其中第六组仅包含ZmAnn12。某些品种的结构变异改变了保守结构域，产生了许多非典型基因。转录组分析表明，不同的膜联蛋白成员在各种组织以及不同的非生物和生物胁迫处理下具有不同的表达模式。对冷胁迫下各种玉米组织的转录组数据进行加权基因共表达网络分析，确定了4个参与共表达模块的膜联蛋白基因（ZmAnn2、ZmAnn6、ZmAnn7、ZmAnn9）。总体而言，本研究利用高质量玉米泛基因组对ZmAnn基因进行了生物信息学分析，为进一步研究ZmAnn基因奠定了基础。
