Mulla Mohammed Huzaifa, Norizan Mohd Nurazzi, Mohammad Rawi Nurul Fazita, Mohamad Kassim Mohamad Haafiz, Abdullah Che Ku, Abdullah Norli, Norrrahim Mohd Nor Faiz
Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; Green Biopolymer, Coatings & Packaging Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; Green Biopolymer, Coatings & Packaging Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2025 May;305(Pt 2):141130. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.141130. Epub 2025 Feb 16.
Natural fibre from plant-based reinforced polymer composites (NFRPCs) offers an attractive solution for various applications due to their cost-effectiveness, sustainability, and favourable properties. These materials provide high strength and stiffness while remaining lightweight, which is especially advantageous in weight-sensitive applications. However, their susceptibility to high flammability poses a significant challenge for applications requiring robust fire resistance. Consequently, researchers and engineers face the primary task of enhancing flame retardancy and thermal stability in NFRPCs. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the flammability and flame retardancy aspects of NFRPCs, delving into critical elements such as modification methods, the interfacial bond between natural fibres and the polymer matrix, fibre type, loading ratio, fibre orientation, polymer type, and composite structure. Understanding these factors is crucial for improving material fire resistance. The paper explores various flame-retardant strategies for NFRPCs, including additives, coatings, treatments, and nanomaterial hybridization. Detailed insights into mechanisms and characterization techniques related to thermal and flame retardancy are provided, covering aspects like thermal degradation, char formation, gas-phase reactions, fire testing methods, universally accepted standards, and specific flame-retardant requirements for NFRPCs in diverse applications such as automotive, aerospace, marine, and civil construction. The discussion on future directions emphasizes the development of innovative flame-retardant materials, improving composite design and fabrication improvements, and assessing fire performance and environmental impact.
基于植物的增强聚合物复合材料（NFRPCs）中的天然纤维因其成本效益、可持续性和良好性能，为各种应用提供了一个有吸引力的解决方案。这些材料具有高强度和刚度，同时保持轻质，这在对重量敏感的应用中特别有利。然而，它们对高易燃性的敏感性对需要强大耐火性的应用构成了重大挑战。因此，研究人员和工程师面临着提高NFRPCs阻燃性和热稳定性的首要任务。本文全面综述了NFRPCs的可燃性和阻燃性方面，深入探讨了诸如改性方法、天然纤维与聚合物基体之间的界面结合、纤维类型、负载率、纤维取向、聚合物类型和复合材料结构等关键因素。了解这些因素对于提高材料的耐火性至关重要。本文探讨了NFRPCs的各种阻燃策略，包括添加剂、涂层、处理和纳米材料杂化。提供了与热和阻燃性相关的机理和表征技术的详细见解，涵盖了热降解、炭形成、气相反应、火灾测试方法、普遍接受的标准以及汽车、航空航天、海洋和民用建筑等不同应用中NFRPCs的特定阻燃要求等方面。关于未来方向的讨论强调了创新阻燃材料的开发、改进复合材料设计和制造以及评估火灾性能和环境影响。
